Scielo RSS <![CDATA[Acta Comportamentalia]]> http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/rss.php?pid=0188-814520110002&lang=en vol. 19 num. 2 lang. en <![CDATA[SciELO Logo]]> http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/img/en/fbpelogp.gif http://pepsic.bvsalud.org <![CDATA[<b>Adjustment of behavior under concurrently available temporally defined schedules of different complexity</b>]]> http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0188-81452011000200001&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en Tres ratas fueron expuestas a un programa concurrente cuyos componentes entregaron agua de acuerdo con diferentes tipos de arreglos de contingencia: no contingente, contingente y contingente condicional. Un cuarto componente nunca entregó agua. Se calcularon índices de ajuste correspondientes a -y en su caso incluidos en- los diferentes tipos de arreglos contingenciales: diferencialidad, efectividad y precisión. Dos ratas concentraron su actividad en el componente no contingente, pero para cada una se observaron índices de diferencialidad distintos. Para una tercera rata los índices de ajuste correspondientes a cada componente disminuyeron con la complejidad del arreglo contingencial. Para esa misma rata los índices de diferencialidad y efectividad entre componentes también disminuyeron. Estos resultados se discuten en el contexto de la psicología interconductual y se contrastan con los observados en estudios previos en el análisis experimental del comportamiento.<hr/>Three rats were exposed to a concurrent schedule whose components delivered water according to different kinds of contingency arrangements: non-contingent, contingent and conditional-contingent. A fourth component never delivered water. Adjustment indexes for, and if included in, each contingency arrangement were calculated: differentiallity, effectiveness and accuracy. Two rats concentrated their activity in the noncontingent component but different differentiallity indexes were observed. For a third rat adjustment indexes in each component decreased with the complexity of contingency arrangements. For that rat differentiallity and effectiveness indexes between components also decreased. These results are discussed in the context of interbehavioral psychology and contrasted with those observed in previous studies in the experimental analysis of behavior. <![CDATA[<b>Learning symmetrical relations along conditional discrimination training</b>]]> http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0188-81452011000200002&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en Na tentativa de evitar testes de relações condicionais emergentes em condições de extinção, Velasco e Tomanari (2009) desenvolveram um procedimento para avaliar o estabelecimento de relações simétricas durante a aquisição de discriminações condicionais. Humanos adultos foram expostos ao treino de relações de linha de base e simétricas, intercaladamente. Para avaliar a aprendizagem das relações simétricas, relações controle foram treinadas, concomitantemente, diferenciando-se das primeiras apenas pela ausência do treino das suas respectivas relações de linha de base. Todos os participantes aprenderam as relações simétricas mais rapidamente do que as relações controle. Contudo, devido ao treino da linha de base, os estímulos das relações simétricas foram mais frequentemente exibidos do que os estímulos das relações controle cujas relações de linha de base não foram treinadas. O presente estudo avaliou, sistematicamente, o efeito da frequência de exposição aos estímulos sobre a aprendizagem de relações simétricas. Foram realizados dois experimentos com humanos adultos. O primeiro balanceou o número de tentativas de cada relação simétrica e controle treinada, mas os estímulos das primeiras foram mais frequentemente exibidos que os das últimas. O segundo experimento balanceou a frequência de exibição dos estímulos de ambos os grupos de relações. De modo geral, as relações simétricas foram aprendidas com maior rapidez e precisão, independentemente de seus estímulos terem sido expostos com maior (Experimento 1) ou igual frequência (Experimento 2) ao longo do treino. Esses resultados reiteram achados anteriores, bem como ratifi cam e expandem alternativas metodológicas aos testes de relações emergentes na ausência de reforçamento.<hr/>In order to avoid testing emergent conditional relations in extinction, Velasco and Tomanari (2009) developed a procedure to evaluate symmetry during the acquisition of conditional discriminations. Human adults were trained on baseline and their corresponding symmetrical relations, in addition to control relations that were trained in the absence of their corresponding symmetrical relations. All participants learned the symmetrical relations faster than the control relations. However, due to the baseline training, symmetricalrelation stimuli were displayed more frequently than control-relation stimuli whose baseline had not been trained. To control for this difference, two experiments were conducted with human adults as participants. The fi rst balanced the number of training trials of each symmetrical and control relations, although stimuli of the former relations were displayed more frequently than those of the latter. The second experiment balanced the frequency of stimuli presentation on both groups of relations. In general, symmetrical relations were acquired more accurately and faster than control relations, regardless the stimuli were presented with higher (Experiment 1) or equal frequency (Experiment 2) during training. These results are in line with former fi ndings, as they confirm and expand methodological alternatives to testing emergent relations in the absence of reinforcement. <![CDATA[<b>Two procedures for the introduction of differential reinforcement in teaching simple discrimination to infants</b>]]> http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0188-81452011000200003&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en Procedimentos de ensino de repertórios discriminativos que reorganizam as tarefas em pequenos passos têm tido sucesso com populações com desenvolvimento atípico e podem minimizar, também, dificuldades na investigação sobre a aquisição destes repertórios em bebês menores de 24 meses. Este estudo, conduzido com de três bebês de 17, 20 e 21 meses, verificou os efeitos de dois procedimentos para a exposição dos participantes às contingências de reforçamento diferencial no ensino de discriminações simples simultâneas. Estímulos visuais tridimensionais eram apresentados em um aparato motorizado. No procedimento denominado S+, as quatro tentativas iniciais apresentavam apenas um estímulo: o correto nas tentativas 1 e 3 e o incorreto nas tentativas 2 e 4, possibilitando o contato forçado com as conseqüências diferenciais. A partir da 5a tentativa os dois estímulos passavam a ser apresentados simultaneamente. O procedimento S- previu que o primeiro estímulo escolhido pelo bebê, dentre os dois estímulos comparação, era designado estímulo incorreto. A análise dos acertos e erros acumulados indicou semelhanças no desempenho inicial e intermediário em cada procedimento; maior efi ciência do procedimento S+; e efeitos deletérios dos erros nas curvas de aprendizagem. Os critérios de aprendizagem e a manutenção do valor reforçador dos estímulos para os bebês são apontados como variáveis críticas para a efi ciência dos procedimentos de ensino.<hr/>The stimulus equivalence is a fruitful explanatory model in the study of symbolic behavior. However, most experimental studies have simulated the formation of equivalence classes with different populations who present well developed symbolic function. Research is needed to broaden the understanding of the ontogenesis of symbolic behavior. Individuals with restricted previous experimental history, or individuals with minimal verbal repertoires, could provide an appropriate preparation for studying the origins of this behavioral function. In teaching discriminative repertoires, procedures that reorganize the tasks in smaller steps have been successful with populations with atypical development. The same tactics could minimize the difficulties usually found in research on the acquisition of these repertoires in young babies. This study, conducted with three babies (17, 20 and 21 months old), investigated the effects of two procedures during the initial exposure of children to the contingencies of differential reinforcement on simple simultaneous discrimination training. Two participants had a typical development, while the third (P17) presented language delay. Three dimensional visual stimuli (toys) were simultaneously presented in two windows of a motorized apparatus. Each window was part of a rotating cylinder with three compartments; each compartment defined a condition for the window presentation: a) closed with a transparent acrylic; b) closed with a black opaque acrylic; and c) opened. The windows sealed by the transparent acrylic were used for the simultaneous presentation of two stimuli, during which correct response (touching the acrylic window with the stimulus defined as S+) was followed by the rotation of the cylinder and by the opened window. Then, the baby could touch and handle the toy and, during 30-s, the baby and the experimenter played together with it. An incorrect response (touching the window with the S- toy) was followed by the rotation of the cylinder and the presentation of the closed (black) window. In the procedure named S+, only one stimulus was presented on the first four trials. The first and third trials presented the stimulus defined as correct, thus allowing for a correct response and its consequences. The second and fourth trials forced the contact with the incorrect stimulus and with the black, closed window as the consequence. From the fifth trial on, both stimuli were simultaneously presented. The S- procedure began with the two stimuli simultaneously presented and the first response defined the chosen stimulus as the incorrect (S-) for the remaining trials. The S- procedure generated much more errors, with deleterious effects of errors on the learning curves. The babies' performance in sessions with the S+ procedure alternated correct and wrong responses, but the final section of cumulative curves showed increased correct responding until the learning criterion was attained. The results also suggested that the learning criteria could be reduced from four to three consecutive correct responses. The critical importance of assessment and maintenance of the reinforcing value of stimuli used with babies is also discussed. <![CDATA[<b>Recombinative reading after fading in procedure of the syllables of teaching words in people with cognitive developmental deficits</b>]]> http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0188-81452011000200004&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en O principal objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar se o uso de um procedimento de fading in que consistiu no aumento gradual da letra de apresentação de sílabas no ensino de leitura poderia favorecer a leitura recombinativa. Dois participantes com atraso no desenvolvimento cognitivo foram submetidos ao ensino das relações entre palavras ditadas e palavras impressas (AC) e em seguida, aos testes de equivalência entre figuras e palavras impressas (BC) e palavras impressas e figuras (CB). Em seguida, foram aplicados testes de leitura das palavras de ensino e de generalização. Utilizaram-se sondas de controle silábico, verifi candose controle restrito de componentes das palavras de ensino. Um participante foi submetido ao procedimento de ensino combinado de cópia, ditado e oralização (CDO), primeiramente com destaque das sílabas que não haviam adquirido controle da leitura, e depois envolvendo fading in caracterizado pelo aumento gradual da sílaba. O outro participante foi exposto diretamente ao ensino de CDO com fading in. Ambos apresentaram a leitura recombinativa após a condução do procedimento de fading in. Os resultados sugerem que o aumento gradual da sílaba no fading in durante a aplicação de CDO favorece o estabelecimento de controle por todas as sílabas produzindo leitura recombinativa em pessoas com atraso no desenvolvimento cognitivo.<hr/>The main objective of the present study was investigate if a fading in procedure consisting in gradual increasing of the letters of syllables in teaching reading could favor recombinative reading. Two participants with defi cits on the cognitive development were submitted to teach of relations between dictated words and printed words (AC) and soon after, to the equivalence tests between fi gures and printed words (BC) and printed words and fi gures (CB). After these tests, the participants were exposed to reading tests, fi rst with the teaching words and after with generalization words. It was used syllabic control probes that verifi ed restricted control by partial units. After these probes, one of the participants was fi rst submitted to combined teaching of copy, dictation and oralization highlighting syllables that had not acquired controlling of reading responses in the anterior phases, and after that to the same combined procedure using fading in of the same syllables, increasing the size of its letters. Another participant was submitted only to the fading in procedure. Both participants presented recombinative reading after fading in. The results suggested that gradual increasing of the size of syllables during copy, dictation and oralization teaching favor control by all of the units of the words producing recombinative reading in people with cognitive developmental deficits. <![CDATA[<b>Potentialities and interpersonal difficulties of college students</b>: <b>a characterization study</b>]]> http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0188-81452011000200005&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en O desenvolvimento interpessoal pode estimular relações sociais de qualidade e promover a saúde das pessoas. Relacionamentos interpessoais são exigidos pelo contexto universitário, o qual requer que os estudantes desenvolvam e emitam comportamentos socialmente habilidosos. Entretanto, é comum haver difi culdades em relacionamentos interpessoais na universidade. Estudos de caracterização podem ajudar na identifi cação de dificuldades e de potencialidades comportamentais de estudantes e promover treinamentos eficazes com universitários. A presente pesquisa [tem] teve por objetivos: a) descrever a prevalência do relato de universitários, que buscaram por atendimento psicológico, quanto a comportamentos denominados de habilidades sociais; (b) identificar os interlocutores (família, namorado(a), amigos, colegas, professores) junto aos quais tais respostas são emitidas; (c) descrever conseqüências relatadas pelos universitários que ocorrem na interação com tais interlocutores. Os dados foram coletados através de entrevistas semi-estruturadas e do instrumento IHS-Del Prette, sendo que as entrevistas foram categorizadas através de análise de conteúdo e o IHS-Del Prette computado conforme instruções próprias. Os resultados descrevem potencialidades e dificuldades que os estudantes apresentaram em relação às habilidades sociais de acordo com diferentes contextos: faculdade, trabalho, namoro, amigos e família. Os comportamentos relatados em maior freqüência referem-se a falar em público, conversar em relacionamento amoroso, com amigos e familiares e paquerar. Constatou-se também que em todas as categorias os comportamentos tiveram por conseqüência mais eventos punitivos que reforçadores. Os resultados obtidos pelo IHS-Del Prette evidenciaram que 50% da amostra tinham repertório de habilidades sociais com indicação para treinamento.<hr/>The interpersonal development can stimulate quality social relationship and promote people's health. Interpersonal relationships are demanded by the university context, which requires the students to develop and to express socially skillful behaviors. However, diffi culties in interpersonal relationship in the university are common. Characterization studies can help the identifi cation of diffi culties and behavioral potentialities of students and promote effi cient trainings with college students This research aimed to: a) describe the prevalence of reports of university students who sought for psychological help, as the behavior called social skills, (b) identify the partners (family, boyfriend (a), friends, colleagues, teachers) with whom such responses are issued, (c) describe consequences reported by students that occur in the interaction with such parties. Data were obtained from semi structured interviews and IHS-Del Prette instrument. The interviews data were categorized by the analysis content and IHS-Del Prette data were computed according to concerning instructions. The outcomes describe potentialities and diffi culties that the students presented in relation to the social skills according to different aspects: university, work, love relationship, friends and family. The behaviors reported with higher frequency are related to speaking in public, talking to the partner about the relationship, speaking with friends and family members and flirt. It was also observed that in all the categories the behaviors had as consequence more punishing than reinforcing events. The outcomes obtained of IHS-Del Prette found out that 50% of the sample showed [ok] poor social skills repertoire demanding training. <![CDATA[<b>Use of games in behavioral group therapy for children with ADHD</b>]]> http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0188-81452011000200006&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en Num quadro característico de TDAH, observam-se Déficits e excessos comportamentais importantes e que interferem no funcionamento global da criança. Diante disso, o terapeuta pode utilizar os jogos de mesa em um contexto grupal em que contingências podem ser planejadas para se obter aquisições comportamentais como: controle por regras; desenvolver repertório de autocontrole; desenvolver repertório social; aumentar a auto-estima; desenvolver repertório de atenção; aprender comportamentos de organização; desenvolver repertório acadêmico e cognitivo. A utilização de jogo num contexto em grupo propicia a exposição direta das crianças a situações de interação social num contexto protegido, auxilia na manutenção de comportamentos desejáveis e possibilita ao terapeuta manejar adequadamente habilidades sociais. No presente trabalho são descritos o papel dos jogos e a forma como são utilizados, partindo-se de uma perspectiva em grupo de uma população específi ca de crianças com diagnóstico de Transtorno do Déficit de Atenção e Hiperatividade (TDAH).<hr/>As a part of Attention deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) features, signifi cantly behavioral deficits and excesses can interfere in child's overall functioning. Games can be used on behavioral group therapy with this specifi c population of children diagnosed with ADHD through playing situations. In this context, contingencies may be planned to obtain some behavioral developments: following rules, self control, social skills, self-esteem, increase stimulus control, organization, problem solving skills, academic skills and other important abilities. The role of the games and how it can be used to develop these behavioral abilities are described in this article, as well as how therapist can plan reinforcement contingencies to maintain the child's behavior and develop their social skills. This article contains the role of games and how they are used. It is a group perspective of a specifi c children`s population diagnosed with ADHD. <![CDATA[<b>Therapeutic education for atopic dermatitis patients and their caregivers</b>: <b>a sistematic review</b>]]> http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0188-81452011000200007&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en A dermatite atópica (DA) é uma doença crônica de pele, de etiologia desconhecida e com maior incidência na infância, o que exige o estabelecimento de rotinas de tratamento para evitar a recorrência dos sintomas. Uma difi culdade no controle adequado da doença é a baixa adesão ao tratamento pelos pacientes e seus cuidadores. Com o objetivo de obter uma melhora na qualidade de vida, programas de educação terapêutica (ET) têm sido propostos como forma efi caz de aumentar a adesão ao tratamento. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar a qualidade das evidências científicas que dão suporte à indicação da implantação de programas de ET para crianças ou adolescentes com DA e/ou seus cuidadores. Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática de pesquisas empíricas publicadas entre 2000 e 2010, que utilizaram como estratégia de intervenção a ET com essas famílias. Nove artigos foram selecionados entre os 115 localizados. Constatou-se que diferentes variáveis, como quantidade de medicamentos utilizados, qualidade de vida e nível de conhecimento e informação sobre a doença foram investigadas. Além disso, observa-se ausência de descrições detalhadas dos procedimentos, o que difi culta a sua replicação. Apesar destas limitações, os resultados obtidos indicam eficácia de programas de ET direcionados a essa população.<hr/>Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic skin condition of unknown etiology that commonly affects children. In last years, the AD's incidence increased in world-wide. The most common symptoms are a red, imfl amed and itchy rash in skin and can be treated by the use of topical drugs, like ointments, creams and, in some cases, systemic drugs, like injections. In order to avoid recurrences, therapy should be maintained, and it is mandatory to establish treatment routines to control symptoms. Frequently, keeping an adherence to prescribed therapy is a challenge to patients and caregivers. One strategy that has been proposed as an effective way to enhance adherence to medical prescriptions in AD is therapeutic education programs (TE). These programs consist of advice and motivation techniques applied to patients and caregivers, in order to improve compliance with medical recommendations, and give them a better quality of life. The goal of the present study is to evaluate the quality of scientifi c evidences that support these programs, especially for children and adolescents with AD and their caregivers. A systematic review of studies about TE in children and adolescents with AD, published between 2000 and 2010, was performed. From 115 articles identifi ed and analysed by the authors, nine were considered eligible for this review. In these studies, the main objective was to evaluate efficacy of intervention programs by using different variables as quality of life indexes, amount of skincare products applied to skin, and degree of knowledge and information about the disease. All studies included parents and/or caregivers and in seven studies included them and the children and/or adolescents with AD. Six studies used as research design a prospective, randomized controlled trial, one a randomized controlled multicenter trial, one a single case research design and another one didn't specify the research designed adopted. Seven studies made 1-year-follow-up assessment. This discrepancy of methods used in each study does not permit the comparison of outcomes. Furthermore, the paucity of information describing applied methods and the contents of each intervention session make any attempt of study replication by other authors a diffi cult task. Despite these limitations, outcomes from research point to the effectiveness of educational programs directed to children and adolescents with AD and their caregivers.