Actualidades en psicología

A narrative approach towards immigrants in Costa Rica: using a qualitative Japanese technique

Este artículo tiene como objetivo ofrecer una técnica cualitativa de origen japonés llamada kamishibai, la cual es un tipo de libro ilustrado. Se realizó una investigación-acción en una comunidad marginal de Costa Rica, y se hizo un kamishibai cuya historia consistió en el relato de vida de una anciana nicaragüense. Los miembros de su familia compartieron el proceso de redacción. El análisis se realizó desde un enfoque narrativo y se generaron hipótesis sobre las ventajas de la técnica "kamishibai de la vida". Las hipótesis generadas fueron: (1) se ubicarían las experiencias de la vida en el eje cronológico, (2) se evaluaría el significado de las experiencias en la vida desde el punto de vista de la informante, (3) la técnica funcionaría como forma de comunicación, (4) se transmitirían contenidos a quienes no pueden leer, por ejemplo, los(as) infants.

The present article has the objective of offering a qualitative technique of Japanese origin named kamishibai, which is a kind of picture book. An action-research was done at a marginal community of Costa Rica, and a kamishibai was made from the life story of an old Nicaraguan. Her family members participated in the production process. An analysis was done by a narrative approach, and some hypothesis about advantage of the technique "kamishibai of life" were generated. The hypothesis were: (1) they places informant's experiences of life in chronological order, (2) they attempt to understand the meaning of experiences from the perspective of the individual involved, (3) they function as a way of communication, (4) they convey contents to whom don't have the ability to read and understand, e.g. infants.

**The look, the enjoyment and the encounter with the invisible. About the susto disease in the chilean popular culture**

El artículo desarrolla una interpretación y una lectura, antropológica y psicoanalítica, de una enfermedad tradicional en Chile: la enfermedad del Susto o Espanto. A partir de material etnográfico y clínico, se analiza particularmente la fascinación y el espanto que según los discursos recogidossuscita el encuentro con la mirada de un espíritu que origina el Susto: la Fantasma. Esta descripción ambigua de los efectos de la mirada, está presente en muchos otros mitos y tradiciones de distintas culturas, donde la mirada es repetidamente tratada como vehículo del deseo. A partir del análisis del material recogido, se propone que si la mirada es prohibida por distintas tradiciones, es para sostener al sujeto en falta, evitando que se deslice al goce de hacer uno con el otro.

The article develops an anthropological and psychoanalytical interpretation and reading of a Folk illness in Chile: the fright (Susto or Espanto) disease. From ethnographic and clinical material we specifically analyzes the fascination and the fear that - according to collected narratives - is suscitated by the encounter with the look of a spirit that provokes the fright: the Fantasma. This ambiguous description of the effects of the visual encounter is present in many other myths and traditions in different cultures, in which the "look at" is repeatedly treated as a vehicle of desire. From the analysis of the collected material it is argued that when the look is prohibited by different traditions, this is to keep the subject in need to avoid slipping to the enjoyment of forming a unity with the other.

The notion of symptom at the intersection between the psychoanalitical clinic and the medical clinic

Existe una vasta área de síntomas y fenómenos que se manifiestan en el organismo, que conciernen tanto a la clínica médica como a la clínica psicoanalítica. Ambas abordan lo patológico a través del síntoma, pero recortan distintos reales y proponen incidencias y tratamientos diferenciales del cuerpo y del goce. En consecuencia, resulta necesario abordar un estudio diferencial de la noción de síntoma, organizado en torno al signosemiológico y en torno a la letra respectivamente. La clínica psicoanalítica no se opone ni excluye a la clínica médica; sino que por el contrario, la continúa. El psicoanálisis restituye la condición de verdad y de goce del síntoma que el discurso de la ciencia elide. Los saberes hacen sistema y los discursos compiten. No hay intersección posible entre medicina y psicoanálisis sino en el espacio de inconsistencia de saber, del límite del saber de uno y otro.

There is a vast area of symptoms and phenomena that appear in the organism, which concern both the medical clinic and the psychoanalytic clinic. Both approach the pathological thing through the symptom, but they cut away different reals and propose incidents and differential treatments of the body and the jouissance. In consequence, it turns out necessary to approach a differential study of the notion of symptom, organized concerning the semiologycalsign and concerning the letter respectively. The psychoanalytic clinic is neither excluded nor opposed to the medical clinic; on the contrary, it continues it. The psychoanalysis returns the condition of the truth and of jouissance of the symptom that the speech of the science elides. The knowledge do system and the speeches compete. There is no possible intersection between medicine and psychoanalysis except in the fault precisely, and in the space of inconsistency of the knowledge, in the limit between one and the other.

The Eating Attitude Test in Costa Rica: first evidences of its validity and reliability

Objetivo. Se analiza la estructura factorial y la confiabilidad del Test de Actitudes hacia la Alimentación (EAT-40) y se examina su efectividad para diferenciar a las personas diagnosticadas con trastornos de la conducta alimentaria (TCA: anorexia y bulimia). Participantes. Participaron en el estudio 569 mujeres entre los 10 y los 39 años de edad con y sin diagnóstico de TCA (n = 19, n = 533, respectivamente), quienes llenaron el cuestionario EAT- 40. Procedimientos. En una primera parte se realizó el análisis factorial confirmatorio de la escala, luego se estimó la confiabilidad interna de cada subescala, seguidamente se examinó la validez de criterio mediante la comparación de los grupos con y sin diagnóstico de TCA. Resultados. Las estadísticas psicométricas mostraron resultados satisfactorios a nivel de la estructura factorial (tres factores) y alfa de Cronbach (α = .889); asimismo, se obtuvieron buenas propiedades de discriminación a partir de los puntos de corte de 30 (sensibilidad 63.2%, especificidad 85.8%) y de 20 (sensibilidad 73.7%, especificidad 71.8%) y se evidenció que el EAT-40 diferencia entre personas con y sin diagnóstico de TCA.

Purpose: The factorial structure and reliability of the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-40) were analyzed. The ability of the test to discriminate subjects with eating disorder (ED: anorexia and bulimia) diagnosis was also examined. Participants. Five hundred sixty nine women between 10 and 39 years old with and without diagnostic of eating disorder (n = 19, n = 533, respectively) completed the EAT-40. Procedures. In a first step, confirmatory factor analyses were conducted, followed by the calculation of the internal consistency of the subscales. Secondly, criterion validity was assessed by testing differences across groups with and without eating disorder diagnosis. Results. Psychometric analyses showed adequate factorial structure (three factors) and internal consistency (α = .889). Data also showed satisfactory discrimination properties of the measure at the cut points of 30 (sensibility 63.2%, specificity 85.8%) and 20 (sensibility 73.7%, specificity 71.8%), and showed that de EAT-40 significantly differentiates across groups with and without eating disorder diagnosis.

Interesses profissionais e personalidade: análise correlacional a partir do ATPH e BFP

Este estudo objetivou explorar as relações entre interesses profissionais quando avaliado pelo modelo de Holland (RIASEC) e fatores de personalidade (Neuroticismo, Abertura, Realização, Extroversão e Socialização). Participaram 122 estudantes da primeira série do Ensino Médio, com idade entre 14 a 18 anos, sendo a maioria mulher (52%). Aplicou-se os instrumentos ATPH - Avaliação dos Tipos Profissionais de Holland e BFP - Bateria Fatorial de Personalidade. Foram encontradas associações significativas entre o fator Abertura e o tipo Artístico, bem como entre o fator Realização e os tipos Social e Empreendedor e o fator Socialização com o tipo Social. O fator Neuroticismo não mostrou associações significativas com as tipologias. Considerando-se os padrões de associação entre os construtos, discute-se a aplicabilidade para intervenções em Orientação Profissional.

This study aimed to explore the relationship between professional interests considering Holland's hexagonal model (RIASEC) and personality factors (Neuroticism, Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion and Agreeableness). 122 students took part on this study, who cursed first grade of high school, aging between 14 and 18 years old, mainly females (52%). Two instruments were used: ATPH - Avaliação dos Tipos Profissionais de Holland and BFP - Bateria Fatorial de Personalidade. Significant correlations were found between the factor Openness and the Artistic type, as well as between the factor Conscientiousness and the Social and Enterprising types, and between the factor Agreeableness with the Social type. Neuroticism showed no significant correlation with the typologies. Considering the patterns of association found between the constructs, the results are discussed considering its aplicability for career interventions

Cognitive categories on 'the political' by young people from Córdoba

Objetivo. El presente estudio analiza las categorías cognitivas de un grupo de jóvenes universitarios/as sobre "lo político". Participantes. Se trabajó con una muestra de tipo accidental de N=150 estudiantes de grado de la Facultad de Psicología de la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina, de 18 a 30 años, de ambos sexos. Procedimiento. Los datos se obtuvieron a través de un cuestionario auto-administrado basado en la técnica de asociación de palabras y analizado a través de la Perspectiva de Redes Semánticas. Resultados. Mediante la utilización de un análisis de cluster se identificaron 3 conglomerados principales que dan cuenta de las conceptualizaciones exploradas: ejercicio de ciudadanía en el sistema democrático, dimensiones del sistema político y adjetivación del ámbito político. Los resultados otorgan elementos para ahondar en la indagación acerca del modo de vinculación de los/as jóvenes con la arena política.

This study analyzes cognitive categories that young people associate to "the political". One hundred and fifty university students from 18-30 year old completed a questionnaire based on semantic networks technique. A cluster analysis allowed to identify three main classes of meanings associated to "the political": citizenship practice in the democratic system, political system's dimensions, and use of adjectives to describe the political field. Results provide us elements to deepen about linking ways of young people with the political arena.

Trends and Prospects in Metacognition Research

Depressive rumination: nature, theory, and treatment