I. TEORIAS, PESQUISAS E ESTUDOS DE CASO

 

Validity and reliability of the Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC)

 

Validade e confiabilidade da Escala Multidimensional de Ansiedade para Crianças (MASC)

 

Validez y confiabilidad de la Escala de Ansiedad Multidimensional para Niños (MASC)

 

 

Michele Moreira Nunes^I; Fernando Ramos Asbahr^II; Ana Regina G. Lage Castillo^III; Júlio Litvoc^IV; Francisco Lotufo Neto^V

^IPsychologist, Doctor from the University of São Paulo Medical School – area of Pediatric
^IIResearch Psychiatrist of LIM-23, Laboratory of Psychopharmacology of the Institute of Psychiatry of the Hospital das Clínicas – University of São Paulo Medical School
^IIIPsychiatrist within the Service of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (SEPIA) of the Institute of Psychiatry, of the Hospital das Clínicas – University of São Paulo Medical School
^IVEpidemiologist, Professor of the Department of Medicine of the University of São Paulo Medical School
^VAssociate Professor of Psychiatry – University of São Paulo Medical School

Endereço para correspondência

 

 

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ABSTRACT

The Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC) is an instrument used to assess anxiety symptoms in children and adolescents. It can be applied and scored in less than 25 minutes and is considered a useful tool for the routine assessment of problems related to anxiety in children and adolescents. The objective is to study the reliability and validity of the Portuguese version. 649 students participated in this study, from public schools in the city of SP, and 25 children and adolescents, diagnosed with anxiety disorder being treated at SEPIA (Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Service of the Psychiatry Institute of FMUSP Clinical Hospital). The instruments used were MASC and Children's Depression Inventory (CDI). MASC performed well in terms of internal consistency, discriminant validity, responsiveness validity and correlation analysis. The scale showed good psychometric performance and will be useful in future studies.

Keywords: Anxiety Scale for Children; Validity and Reliability.

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RESUMO

A Escala Multidimensional de Ansiedade para Crianças (MASC) é um instrumento utilizado para avaliar sintomas de ansiedade em crianças e adolescentes. Pode ser aplicado e pontuado em menos de 25 minutos e é considerado um instrumento útil para avaliação rotineira de problemas relacionados à ansiedade em crianças e adolescentes. O objetivo é estudar a confiabilidade e validade da versão em português. Participaram deste estudo 649 alunos de escolas públicas da cidade de São Paulo com 25 crianças e adolescentes, com diagnóstico de transtorno de ansiedade em tratamento no SEPIA (Serviço de Psiquiatria Infantil e Adolescente do Instituto de Psiquiatria do Hospital das Clínicas FMUSP). Os instrumentos utilizados foram o MASC e o Children's Depression Inventory (CDI). O MASC teve um bom desempenho em termos de consistência interna, validade discriminante, validade de responsividade e análise de correlação. A escala apresentou bom desempenho psicométrico e será útil em estudos futuros.

Palavras chave: Escala de Ansiedade para Crianças; Validade e Confiabilidade.

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RESUMEN

La Escala de ansiedad multidimensional para niños (MASC) es un instrumento que se utiliza para evaluar los síntomas de ansiedad en niños y adolescentes. Se puede aplicar y puntuar en menos de 25 minutos y se considera una herramienta útil para la evaluación rutinaria de problemas relacionados con la ansiedad en niños y adolescentes. El objetivo es estudiar la fiabilidad y validez de la versión portuguesa.Participaron en este estudio 649 estudiantes de colegios públicos de la ciudad de SP y 25 niños y adolescentes, diagnosticados con trastorno de ansiedad en tratamiento en SEPIA (Servicio de Psiquiatría del Niño y del Adolescente del Instituto de Psiquiatría del Hospital das Clínicas FMUSP). Los instrumentos utilizados fueron MASC y el Inventario de Depresión Infantil (CDI). MASC se desempeñó bien en términos de consistencia interna, validez discriminante, validez de respuesta y análisis de correlación. La escala mostró un buen desempeño psicométrico y será útil en futuros estudios.

Palabras clave: Escala de Ansiedad para Niños; Validez y Confiabilidad.

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Introduction

Anxiety Disorders (ADs) are recognized as some of the most prevalent mental disorders in children and adolescents. The study by Vianna, Campos and Fernandez (2009) mentions that the incidence of anxiety disorders in Brazilian children and adolescents reaches 3.40% and 5.04%, respectively. Anxiety is the most common disorder in school-age children; the numbers are alarming and point to possible harm to children's development, family interaction and also in various  sectors of society  — health,  education and economy, for example (Costello et al, 2011). A systematic review carried out by Fernandes, Carvalho, Izbicki and Melo (2014) indicates that, on average, 8% of this school-age population has relevant symptoms or suffers from some anxiety disorder (AD). Anxiety in children tends to be assessed using self-report questionnaires, parents/teacher reports, symptom checklists or standardized interviews. Majority of these evaluation methods are denoted scales or tests, where some such instruments present the psychometric parameters of validity and reliability. A number of instruments to measure child anxiety disorders are available in the literature. Several of these key instruments have been pooled below and classified by category:

a) Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (CMAS) (Castañeda, McCandless & Palermo, 1956) and its revised version, Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale  (R-CMAS)  (Reynolds  &  Richmond,  1978) - some items were devised based on how children think and feel about the manifestation of anxiety in the body, in thinking and behavior;

b) State and Trait concepts in the child version of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAI-C) (Spielberg, Edwards & Lushene, 1973).

c) Multiple construct instruments which assess mental and behavioral comorbidities (depression, attention deficit disorder, hyperactivity, disruptive behavior, social withdrawal, etc.), presented in the form of scales or structured or semi-structured interviews containing some subscales or items which assess anxiety. These include "Conner's Rating Scale" (for parents and teachers) (Conners, 1969), the "Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children" (DISC) (Costello, Edelbrock & Costello,  1985),  the  "Child Behaviour Checklist" (CBCL) (Achenbach, 1991), Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) (Kovacs, 1985), and Kids-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (K-SADS) (Kaufman et al. 1997.

d) Instruments assessing specific anxiety disorders, such as the Revised Fear Survey Schedule for Children (FSSC-R) (Ollendick, Matson & Helsel, 1985), which investigates phobias and specific fears. The Social Anxiety Scale for Children (SASC) and Social Anxiety Scale for Children Revised (SASC-R) (La-Greca, 1998 & La-Greca, 1988) are scales for social phobia and the Children's Yale Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Scahill et al, 1997), which assesses obsessive-compulsive symptoms;

e) The most recent category of anxiety scales is the product of a series of research updates using other tests, based on DSM-IV diagnostic criteria. These instruments assess some anxiety symptoms and disorders. The Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED) (Birmaher et al, 1997) is one such instrument developed using clinical samples of children. The Spence's Children Anxiety Scale (SCAS) (Spence, 1998), is an Australian instrument which demonstrates adequate and consistent psychometric qualities for the Oceanic population (Australia, New Zealand and Tasmania), Holland, Belgium and Hawaii. It has three versions: Child/adolescent, parents of schoolgoers and parents of pre-schoolers. Finally, there is the "Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children" (MASC) (March et al, 1997), developed with samples of school-aged children that focuses on detecting physical symptoms, social anxiety, avoidance of specific objects and separation anxiety.

The latter instrument cited was devised to assess a broad spectrum of anxiety symptoms in children and adolescents aged between 8 and 19 years, having been recognized for its good validity and reliability results in the United States. Recently, and thus adopted in multi-centric studies including: the "NIMH Collaborative Multi-site Multimodal Treatment" in children with hyperactivity disorder and attention deficit (March et al, 1997), epidemiological studies (Dierker, Merikangas & Szatmari, 1999) and clinical treatment trials (Greenhill, 1997; Asbahr, 2005). The MASC consists of 39 items spanning 4 main dimensions: (1) physical symptoms (tense/restlessness and somatic/autonomic); (2) social anxiety (humiliation/ rejection and fear of presentations in public); (3) harm avoidance (perfectionism and anxious coping) and (4) separation/panic. In addition, the scale measures total anxiety as well as two main indices (anxiety disorder and inconsistency).

The inconsistency index is used to identify random responses or carelessness whereas the anxiety disorder is useful for identifying children and adolescents who could benefit from more in-depth clinical assessment. In our milieu, only the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (IDATE) (Biaggio & Spielberger, 1983) - the Brazilian version of the STAI-C (Spielberg, Edwards & Lushene, 1973), is available. However, recently this test received an unfavorable report by the Federal Council of Psychology on account of its outdated norms (Conselho Federal de Psicologia, 2003). Other scales have been translated and adapted to the Brazilian context, although their use has only been for specific studies in an academic context, such as the Children's Form of Manifest Anxiety Scale (EAM-FI) (Rosamilha, 1976), an adapted version of the CMAS (Castañeda, McCandless & Palermo, 1956) and the R-CMAS (Reynolds & Richmond, 1978) validated for Brazil as the Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale "What I think and feel" (OQPS) (Gorayeb,1997). Given the lack of specific instruments for assessing anxiety in children in Brazil, the present study aimed to study the reliability and validity of the Portuguese version of the MASC in a community sample of Brazilian children.

 

Methods

Sample:

a) Participants in this study fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for anxiety disorders, according to the Diagnostic and Statistic Manual of Mental Disorders – 4th. edition (DSM –IV). All subjects were attended at the Service of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (SEPIA) of the Institute of Psychiatry of the Hospital das Clínicas of the University of São Paulo Medical School. The sample comprised 11 girls, aged between 10 and 13 years (mean: 11.45 years; standard deviation: 1.04), and 14 boys, aged between 10 and 13 years (mean: 11.29 years; standard deviation: 1.07). All participants attended primary school. The scales were filled out by the subjects at two different points in time: before and after treatment (following remission of symptomatology).

b) Comparative group: A total of 649 children took part in this study aged between 9 and 14 years: 360 girls (mean: 11.5 years; standard deviation: 1.63) and 289 boys (mean: 11.4 years; standard deviation: 1.71). All individuals were pupils enrolled at two state schools, studying from third to eighth grade of primary school, and were residents of the district of São Paulo.

Translation

The MASC scale was translated into Portuguese by five bilingual professionals, after which content validation was performed using the "back translation" technique. For each item on the scale, the best alternatives were discussed for the translation in pursuit of understandable and appropriate language.

Statistical Analysis

Quantitative variables were presented in terms of their values of central tendency and spread while qualitative variables were presented in terms of their absolute and relative values.Concerning quantitative variables, Levéne's test was employed for homogeneity of variance test whereas the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used for normality of variance. For variables satisfying these two principles, the student test was applied when the distribution was parametric, and the Mann-Whitney U test for non-parametric distributions. The level of significance adopted was 5%. Internal consistency was calculated using Cronbach's alpha, both in the schoolgoer group and the group of children and adolescents with anxiety disorder (before treatment and post symptomatic remission). Discriminant validity was determined by comparing the group of schoolgoers with the group of anxiety disorder patients (prior to treatment). Validity based on longitudinal responsiveness variation was ascertained for the anxiety disorder group at two points in time, prior to treatment and at post-remission of symptoms.Correlation was determined using Spearman's correlation test for the anxiety disorders group prior to treatment, and with schoolgoers group. All subjects signed the informed consent term approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the University of São Paulo Medical School (FMUSP) under no. 258/01.

The Statistical Program for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 10.0 was used for all statistical analysis.

 

Results

Internal Consistency

Values obtained following application of Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the group of schoolgoers and the group with anxiety symptoms evidenced satisfactory internal consistency for the MASC. The lowest value for Cronbach's alpha coefficient was found in females from the anxiety group.

 

 

Discriminant Validity

Analysis was performed comparing schoolgoers with children  and  adolescents  with  anxiety  disorders, prior to undergoing treatment.

This analysis revealed that results discriminated to a statistically significant degree across all domains except: "harm avoidance" (perfectionism) (p<0.765); "harm avoidance" (anxious coping) (p<0.180) and "harm avoidance" (total) (p<0.311).

Validity based on longitudinal variation (responsiveness)

Analysis was performed based on data for pa-tients undergoing treatment for anxiety disorder at the Institute of Psychiatry of the Hospital das Clínicas of the FMUSP, at two points, the first prior totreatment and second, after remission of symptoms. Taking into account all domains of the MASC for the group of 25 patients with anxiety disorder undergoing treatment, a significant difference was observed amongst domains of the MASC between the two assessment points. (Mann-Whitney test).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Correlation Analysis

Spearman's correlation test showed that all domains of the MASC presented significant correlation with the CDI except: the "harm avoidance" (perfectionism) domain (-0.03), "harm avoidance" (anxious coping) domain (-0.04) and "harm avoidance" (total) domain (-0.04).

 

Discussion

The present study aimed to validate the Portuguese version of the Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC) based on a population of young Brazilians aged between 9 and 14 years. Psychometric characteristics such as internal consistency, discriminant validity, validity in terms of longitudinal and male/female/mixed anxiety patients) to which the MASC was applied, according to Cronbach's coefficient, suggesting homogeneity and coherence of our results. Present results mirrored those found in studies carried out in Australia, China and Sweden (Baldwin, 2007; Yao S, 2007; Ivarsson, 2006). A comparative study by Muris (Muris et al, 2002) of child anxiety scales showed the internal consistency of the MASC to be very reliable. Moreover, March and Sullivan (March & Sullivan, 1999) confirmed stability amongst all factors and subscales. According to the discriminant validity used to compare the schoolgoer group to the group of patients with anxiety symptoms prior to treatment, there was a significant difference across all domains except three: harm avoidance (perfectionism) harm avoidance (anxious coping) and harm avoidance (total). In an article on validation of the MASC (March et al, 1997), anxious children did not score highly in these domains.  In contrast, when the scale was filled out by children with obsessive-compulsive disorders, results presented were high. Comparison of the cited study results with the original article allows us to conclude that anxious children presented lower results in these domains because behaviors more closely related to obsessiveness-compulsiveness than to other symptoms of anxiety were involved (March et al, 1997). Other studies have shown the good capacity of this scale for discriminating anxiety from depression (Dierker et al, 2001; Rynn et al, 2006). Responsiveness validity assessment entailed analysis of patient data at two points in time, namely: before treatment and after symptom remission. Significant differences were observed across all MASC domains for the group of 25 patients with anxiety disorders. Group breakdown by gender showed that significant differences among MASC domains remained for both male and female subjects, suggesting that results are gender-independent.

 

 

 

In the validity study of the MASC in its original English version, March and colleagues (March et al, 1997) reported that girls were more anxious than boys, although this finding was not replicated in the present study, most likely due to our low sample size (N=25). Nevertheless, other studies in Sweden and China have confirmed this difference between genders (Yao, 2007 & Ivarsson, 2006).

Analysis of correlation between the different domains of the MASC and CDI revealed that the domains "harm avoidance" (perfectionism), "harm avoidance" (dealing with anxiety) and "harm avoidance" (total), presented no correlation coefficients. The lack of correlation among these domains and the CDI may be related to the fact that the "perfectionist" and "anxious coping" symptoms are not necessarily affected by the anxiety symptom picture. Similarly, studies on children presenting Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders have shown these domains to present high scores (March et al, 1997). Ivarsson (2006) found good convergent validity through a moderate correlation with the CDI. Taken together, these data indicate that the psychometric properties of the Portuguese version are comparable to the original MASC (March et al, 1997). Given the ease of use, reliability and efficacy demonstrated by the Portuguese version of the MASC, this instrument may prove valuable for measuring anxiety symptomatology in the child-youth population. In clinical settings, (the Portuguese version of) the MASC may be useful for gathering data prior to the initial assessment, as well as along and after completion of treatment. In research settings, (the Portuguese version of) the MASC likely will be a useful instrument to document the relationship between anxious symptoms and other variables. Indeed, the  Portuguese version of the MASC has already been adopted in a clinical trial held in our research laboratory [a comparison between two modalities of treatment, a psychological (group cognitive-behavioral therapy) and a pharmacological (sertraline) for youngsters with obsessive-compulsive disorder (Asbahr et al, 2005). Combining good psychometric performance with practicality, it is a useful tool in further studies assessing anxiety symptoms in youngsters.

 

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Endereço para correspondência:
Michele Moreira Nunes
Rua Oiteiro, 119
São Paulo-SP
CEP 04323-000
E-mail: michelemoreiranunes@yahoo.com.br

Recebido: 20.01.21
Corrigido: 20.07.21
Aprovado: 25.08.21