ORIGINAL ARTICLE

 

Level of physical activity and motor coordination of schoolchildren in different maturational stages

 

 

Ayrton Bruno de Morais Ferreira^I; Jason Azevedo de Medeiros^I; Rafaela Catherine da Silva Cunha de Medeiros^I; Luiz Afonso Rangel Serrano^I; Vanessa Carla Monteiro Pinto^II; Matheus Dantas^II; Paulo Moreira Silva Dantas^II

^ICentro Universitário do Rio Grande do Norte, departamento de Educação Física - Rua Prefeita Eliane Barros, 2000, Tirol. Natal / RN, Brasil
^IIUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, departamento de Educação Física - Av. Senador Salgado Filho, 3000, Campus Universitário Lagoa Nova. Natal / RN, Brasil

Correspondence

 

 

---

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Studies and debates in the field of motor development reveal that sport and physical activity develop and improve motor skills. These studies seek to understand the changes that occur with movement, which becomes more complex as it develops through physical activity.
OBJECTIVE: To compare the level of physical activity and motor coordination of students in different maturational stages and to relate the level of physical activity with the motor coordination of young people.
METHODS: Descriptive research with cross section. The study included 46 male individuals, aged between 10 and 14 years. The Baecke Habitual Physical Activity questionnaire was applied; the maturity stage was verified through the Pubertal Maturation Prediction Equation; body composition was assessed using the Guedes protocol for children and adolescents; Finally, the coordinating performance was rated using the Korperkoordinationstest fur Kinder (KTK) test battery.
RESULTS: There were significant differences for the variables Age and Height between all stages: P3, P4 and P5 of maturation. The differences found in body mass occurred only between stages P3 and P5; P4 and P5. It was also observed that no significant differences were found for motor coordination between the maturation stages. The same occurred when the physical activity indices were compared
CONCLUSION: There is no difference in the level of physical activity between stages 3, 4 and 5 of sexual maturation, nor does the maturational stage seem to influence the level of motor coordination of young schoolchildren.

Keywords: motor activity, motor skills, sexual development.

---

 

 

Authors summary

Why was this study done?

This study was the work of conclusion of course in Physical Education - Degree, of the author Ayrton Bruno. The choice of the theme occurred through the author's observation, as an intern of the private primary school, the lack of interest in the practice of physical activities by children and adolescents in the last decade.

What did the researchers do and find?

We sought to compare the level of physical activity and motor coordination of students in different maturational stages and to relate the level of physical activity with motor coordination. It was observed that there is no difference in the level of physical activity between stages 3, 4 and 5 of sexual maturation, as the maturational stage does not seem to influence the level of motor coordination of young students. In addition, an association was identified between the level of school physical activity and leisure time with coordinating performance.

What do these findings mean?

They mean that the Physical Education teacher can work with the development of motor coordination during the phases of all stages of sexual maturation, unlike the development of physical abilities, which have sensitive periods of adaptation.

 

INTRODUCTION

In the last decade the profile of physical activity in adolescents and children has changed considerably and adolescents have an increasingly sedentary profile¹. Low level of physical activity (NAF) may promote the occurrence of chronic diseases, disorders and organic dysfunctions^2-4. Among the factors that influence, the abuse of smartphones⁵, use of TV, computer and electronic games⁶ has stimulated a sedentary lifestyle in about 61.8% of waking time⁷. Although a recent literature review has pointed out that school health programs can stimulate a more active lifestyle in young people⁸, a deeper understanding of the factors that interfere with youth NAF and how this lifestyle can affect the physical and motor components is still needed.

As a result, children's activities, such as running, jumping, dancing or cycling, enable a large volume of activity and a wide range of movements⁹. Experiencing a wide range of movements can help children not only to develop self-perception, but also to understand their surroundings¹⁰. In addition, they learn new movements more easily, getting more success in the activities performed and taking more pleasure from them¹¹. It is noteworthy that greater experience can also promote benefits regarding the physical capabilities of young people, because the higher the level of complexity of a motor task, the higher level of coordination required for efficient performance¹². Thus, it is possible to hypothesize that the motor experience previously developed through daily activities can assist in the accomplishment of complex tasks.

It is noteworthy that the motor development process is basically revealed by changes in motor behavior throughout the life cycle, provided by the interaction between the needs of the task, the individual's biology and environmental conditions¹². Therefore, the maturational process is an important biological mechanism that influences physical capabilities¹³ and the level of physical activity¹⁴. The process of maturity directly affects the body composition of young people¹⁵, which together with perceived barriers and self-efficacy were indirectly related to the association between pubertal status and NAF¹⁴.

Thus, this study is justified considering the importance and need to identify the levels of motor coordination of school-age children and adolescents, as it allows detecting possible deficits in coordination and, from this, adopt strategies that may contribute to the motor development, health and quality of life of the public concerned.

Thus, the objective is to compare the level of physical activity and motor coordination of students (10 to 14 years old) in different maturational stages and to relate the level of physical activity with the motor coordination of young people.

 

METHODS

This is a cross-sectional study¹⁶. The sample consisted of 46 intentionally and non-probabilistically selected male subjects. To be included in the sample, the participant must have a chronological age between 10 and 14 years, give written informed consent and not present physical and/or mental health and/or disability problems, which made the tests impossible or could be a confounding factor in the data analysis. The study was approved by the Ethics and Research Committee of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (Opinion No. 1249937/2015). The entire data collection procedure complied with National Health Council Resolution 466/12, as well as the ethical terms contained in the Declaration of Helsinki.

The evaluations were performed in a single day in the school environment. Initially the participants went through the evaluation of the physical activity level. The previously validated habitual physical activity questionnaire for young people was used¹⁷. The questionnaire was initially proposed by Baecke et al.¹⁷, consisting of 16 questions covering three indices of habitual physical activity in the last 12 months: 1) school occupational physical activity index (IAFE) with eight questions; 2) leisure physical exercise index (IAFLA) with four questions; 3) rate of physical activity of walking, excluding physical exercise (IAFL), with four questions. Finally, the habitual physical activity index (IAFH) is obtained by summing the three indexes mentioned above (IAFH = IAFE + IAFLA + IAFL). All participants received the same instructions for understanding the questionnaire.

Then, measurements of body mass, height, trunk-head height were measured; neck, forearm and waist circumference; acromio-radial and tibial bone heights; femoral diameter; triceps and subscapular skinfolds. All measures followed the guidelines of the International Society for the Advancement of Kineanthropometry (ISAK)¹⁸. Body mass and height were evaluated using a Welmy^®-branded stadiometer with a precision of 100g and 1cm, respectively; measurements of perimeter and trunk-head height were performed using a 1 mm precision inelastic anthropometric tape (Sanny^® brand); Bone diameters and heights were verified from a 1mm precision metal caliper (Sanny^® brand). Skinfolds were measured using a scientific adipometer (Sanny^® brand).

Anthropometric data were used in the prediction equation for pubertal maturation proposed by Medeiros et al.¹⁹ (Equation 1), which shows a high agreement with the genital evaluation method (ICC = 0.840). With the result, the participants were stratified according to the stage of sexual maturation. All participants were qualified in stage 3 or higher.

Guedes protocol was used to assess body composition for children and adolescents aged 7 to 18 years with the sum of two skinfolds (tricipital and subscapular)²⁰ in white and black boys (Table 1).

After evaluating the anthropometric characteristics, the participants moved to a covered court where they performed the Korperkoordinationstest fur Kinder (KTK) test battery²¹. The KTK can be used with children between 5 and 14 years old and is composed of four tasks (high balance, single jumps, lateral jumps and platform transfer) with high reliability (ICC = 0.90)²¹. Task contents present difficulties that increase as individuals get older. Age differentiation follows the following criteria: 1) increase in height or distance; 2) increased speed; 3) greater execution accuracy, measured by the highest number of hits in a given number of trials²¹. For the analysis, the final result was transformed into motor quotients (QM) based on the normative table proposed by Gorla; Araujo and Rodrigues²².

Statistical analysis

Data normality was tested by the Shapiro-Wilk test and asymmetry and kurtosis analysis (-1.96 to 1.96). The Kruskall-Wallis test was then performed to compare the anthropometry, physical activity level, and Korperkoordinationtest fur kinder (KTK) variables between maturational stages. Spearman's correlation was used to verify the relationship between physical activity level and coordination. For all analyzes, a significance level of 5% (p value <0.05) was adopted.

 

RESULTS

Of the total sample, eleven young people were classified in stage three, twenty-two were classified in stage four and thirteen were classified in stage five. Figure 1 shows the behavior of anthropometric variables according to the stages of sexual maturation. Age and height showed statistically significant differences between all groups, while body mass differed only in groups P3 and P4 when compared with group P5. There was no difference in fat percentage between maturation stages (Figure 1).

 

 

Figure 2 shows the Physical Activity and Habitual Physical Activity Indexes according to the stages of sexual maturation. No statistical difference was found in the level of school physical activity (H = 3,005; p = 0,223), leisure-time physical activity level (H = 3,005; p = 0,223) and locomotion physical activity level (H = 3,952; p = 0,139). There was also no statistical difference in the level of habitual physical activity (H = 0.611; p = 0.737) (Figure 2).

 

 

Figure 3 reports the comparison of KTK test performances between maturation stages. There was no statistical difference in the equilibrium test (H = 0.594; p = 0.743), monopodal jumps (H = 5.611; p = 0.060), lateral jumps (H = 1.317; p = 0.518) and platform transfer (H = 1.869). p = 0.393) (Figure 3).

There was no linear association between balance test performance and school physical activity index (IAFE: r = -0.019; p = 0.901), nor did it occur for leisure-time physical activity index (IAFLA: r = -0.019; p = 0.901) and locomotion (r = 0.077; p = 0.804). However, monopodal jump performance was associated with both physical activity at school (r = 0.438; p = 0.002) and leisure-time physical activity (r = 0.438; p = 0.002), but not for the locomotion domain (r = -0.066; p = 0.663). The same pattern occurred for lateral jumps with physical activity at school (r = 0.368; p = 0.012), at leisure (r = 0.368; p = 0.012) and locomotion (r = 0.282; p = 0.057). Platform transfer was associated with school physical activity (r = 0.492; p = 0.001) and leisure (r = 0.492; p = 0.001), but not with locomotion activities (r = 0.086; p = 0.569) (Table 2).

 

DISCUSSION

Data from the present study report a linear increase in age and height between maturational stages (i.e., P3 <P4 <P5). It was also shown that the participants in the faster stage have higher mass than their less mature peers (P5> P4 and P3), and there is no difference in fat percentage between groups. The level of physical activity was also similar between groups, as was the performance on the coordination test. Moreover, an association between the level of school physical activity and leisure with the coordination performance was identified.

Maturation seems to be an important factor of changes in body composition during adolescence²³. Throughout adolescence development, it is possible to observe a linear increase of lean mass by ~ 54%, fat mass by ~ 19% and the smallest variation occurred for fat percentage, with a decrease of ~ 11% from stage 3 to Stage 5. The author also shows a strong relationship between changes in testosterone levels and lean mass gains. In fact, hormonal issues are strongly linked with the maturational process.

Cole et al.²⁴ developed a behavioral curve of serum testosterone and IGF-1 concentrations in 54 children, with follow-up from 8 to 16 years. At around 13 years of age there was an increase in hormone secretion, occurring very close to the peak growth rate. Moreover, hormones showed strong correlations with height and with genital and hairiness stages (r = ~ 0.77 - 0.94). Therefore, it appears that the maturation process in young people is mediated by hormones that induce changes in body composition characteristics.

Although there was no statistically significant difference between the maturation stages for the IAFH, a reduction in the absolute values between stages 4 and 5 can be seen. It is likely that social and cultural aspects may influence the behavioral pattern, resulting in the decline in physical activity levels with increasing age²⁵. One of the social factors that can help to understand the reduction of NAF is the change that is analyzed throughout the age in the models that guide adolescents' behaviors. While in childhood the family seems to be the first and most powerful socializing agent in the transmission of values, behaviors and norms, adolescent entry leads adolescents to develop a sense of autonomy and independence; most often leading to distancing from their parents, which may change their models and values, negatively influencing healthy behaviors and lifestyles²⁶. Another aspect of social involvement in adolescence is school and, more specifically, the discipline and physical education teacher. In fact, adolescents spend most of their time in school on a daily basis and are subject to various positive and/or negative influences that may affect their physical activity habits²⁶.

In this sense, considering the association between the level of school physical activity and leisure with coordination performance, Physical Education teachers should enable cognitive, affective, social and motor development in their classes, using content such as games, dances, gymnastics, fights and sports²⁷, since children and adolescents are always ready for some kind of experience, but the selection and provision of stimuli that trigger the expected response are the teacher's responsibility²⁸. Thus, one of the objectives of School Physical Education is to make children and adolescents learn movement, by movement and for movement²⁷. Thus, physical assessment should be taken into account in any Physical Education program, as it provides the opportunity for teachers to measure students' strengths and progress²⁹.

Regarding motor coordination, the results showed that there was no significant difference in motor coordination levels when compared to different maturational stages. Changes in the maturational stage induce morphophysiological changes in the body, but these changes are more related to the actions of production of maximum strength or power (e.g., increase in the percentage of type 2 fibers and increase of creatine kinase activity)^30,31. Previous studies have shown a relationship between maturation and explosive strength of the upper and lower limbs^32-34. However, as for the coordinating abilities, other factors may be more relevant, such as the type of training program and the training age of the individual. It is noteworthy that few studies have sought to use maturational stages in conjunction with motor coordination tests^35,36.

Freitas et al.³⁵ aimed to analyze the contribution of skeletal maturation in the performance of KTK tests in children from 7 to 10 years old, resulting in negative correlation coefficients, concluding that biological maturation alone, or even combined with body size, has little influence on KTK results. Whereas, Luz et al.³⁶ aimed to analyze the association of maturational stages with performance in motor coordination tests in children. The results showed that the maturational stages had no significant correlation with most of the KTK tests (single jump, lateral jump and transfer on platforms). On the other hand, there was a significant but inverse correlation with the balance beam.

Therefore, both studies cited above^35,36 corroborate the findings of the present study. In addition, the non-difference in physical activity levels presented in the present study sample may also have interfered with the final result, reinforcing the argument that: regardless of maturational stages, coordinative performance is efficient when associated with physical activity level³⁷.

Thus, it is necessary to stimulate the practice of physical activity during the phases of all maturation stages. For this reason, Physical Education classes and sports institutions are propitious spaces for the evolution of motor coordination levels³⁸.

In general, this study presents relevant contribution about the maturation and motor coordination processes, highlighting the importance of performing physical assessments with children and adolescents in the school environment, using the KTK, considering that it is a useful tool in sports talent detection process³⁹. However, it is suggested to conduct studies with objective measurements (e.g., accelerometer) in order to better understand the behavior of the variables in question during the children's growth and development process.

Thus, it is noteworthy that there is no difference in the level of physical activity between stages 3, 4 and 5 of sexual maturation, just as the maturational stage does not seem to influence the level of motor coordination of young students. However, the level of physical activity practiced at school and leisure time was significantly associated with motor coordination performance.

 

REFERENCES

1.Parker KE, Salmon JO, Brown HL, Villanueva K, Timperio A. Typologies of adolescent activity related health behaviours. J Sci Med Sport. 2019;22(3):319-23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2018.08.015        [ Links ]

2.Matsudo SM, Matsudo VR, Araújo T, Andrade D, Andrade E, Oliveira L, et al. Nível de atividade física da população do Estado de São Paulo: análise de acordo com o gênero, idade, nível socioeconômico, distribuição geográfica e de conhecimento. Rev Bras Ciên Mov. 2002; 10(4):41-50. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18511/rbcm.v10i4.469        [ Links ]

3.Silva DK, Nahas MV. Prescrição de exercícios físicos para pessoas com doença vascular periférica. Rev Bras Ciên e Mov. 2002;10(1):55-61.         [ Links ]

4.Moraes H, Deslandes A, Ferreira C, Pompeu FAMS, Ribeiro P, Laks J. O exercício físico no tratamento da depressão em idosos: revisão sistemática. Rev Psiquiatr Rio Gd. Sul. 2007; 29(1):70-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81082007000100014        [ Links ]

5.Kim SE, Kim JW, Jee YS. Relationship between smartphone addiction and physical activity in Chinese international students in Korea. J Behav Addict. 2015;4(3):200-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.4.2015.028        [ Links ]

6.Mielgo-Ayuso J, Aparicio-Ugarriza R, Castillo A, Ruiz E, Avila JM, Aranceta-Bartrina J, et al. Sedentary behavior among Spanish childreen and adolescentes: findings from the ANIBES study. BMC Public Health. 2017;17:94. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4026-0        [ Links ]

7.Keane E, Li X, Harrington JM, Fitzgerald AP, Perry IJ, Kearney PM. Physical activity, sedentary behavior and the risk of overweight and obesity in school-aged children. Pediatr Exerc Sci. 2017;29(3):408-18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1123/pes.2016-0234        [ Links ]

8.Wu XY, Han LH, Zhang JH, Luo S, Hu JW, Sun K. The influence of physical activity, sedentary behavior on health-related quality of life among the general population of children and adolescents: A systematic review. PloS One. 2017;12(11):e0187668. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0187668        [ Links ]

9.Boreham C, Riddoch C. The physical activity, fitness and health of children. J Sports Sci. 2001;19(12):915-29. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/026404101317108426        [ Links ]

10.Zahner L, Dossegger A. Motor activity-the key to development in childhood. In: Dossegger L. Active Childhood-Healthy Life. Basle: FOSPO; Institute for Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Basle; Winterthur: 2004; p. 41-86.         [ Links ]

11.Welk GJ. The youth physical activity promotion model: a conceptual bridge between theory and practice. Quest. 1999;51(1):5-23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00336297.1999.10484297        [ Links ]

12.Gallahue D, Ozmun J, Goodway J. Compreendendo o desenvolvimento motor. 7th ed. Porto Alegre: AMGH; 2013; p. 20-41.         [ Links ]

13.Cabral BG, Cabral SA, Medeiros RM, Alcatara T, Dantas PMS. Relação da maturação com a antropometria e aptidão física na iniciação desportiva. Motricidade. 2013;9(4):12-21. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.6063/motricidade.9(4).689        [ Links ]

14.Lee EY, An K, Jeon JY, Rodgers WM, Harber VJ, Spence JC. Biological Maturation and Physical Activity in South Korean Adolescent Girls. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2016;48(12): 2454-61. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000001031        [ Links ]

15.Siervogel R, Maynard LM, Wisemandle WA, Roche AF, Guo SS, Chumlea WC, et al. Annual changes in total body fat and fat-free mass in children from 8 to 18 years in relation to changes in body mass index. The Fels Longitudinal Study. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2000; 904: 420-3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06494.x        [ Links ]

16.Zangirolami-Raimundo J, Echeimberg JO, Leone C. Research methodology topics: Cross-sectional studies. Journal of Human Growth and Development. 2018;28(3):356-60. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7322/jhgd.152198        [ Links ]

17.Baecke JA, Burema J, Frijters JE. A short questionnaire for the measurement of habitual physical activity in epidemiological studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 1982;36(5):936-42. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/36.5.936        [ Links ]

18.Stewart A, Marfell-Jones M, Olds T, Ridder A. International standards for anthropometric assessment. New Zealand: International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry, 2011.         [ Links ]

19.Medeiros RM, Arrais RF, Azevedo JC, Andrade RD, Pinto VC, Ronque ER, et al. Predicton of pubertal maturation from anthropometric variables: proposal for a non-invasive method. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2018;58(5):638-43. DOI: https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.17.06564-1        [ Links ]

20.Guedes DP, Guedes JE. Crescimento, composição corporal e desempenho motor em crianças e adolescentes. 2ª ed. São Paulo: CLR Balieiro, 2002; p. 50-65.         [ Links ]

21.Schilling F, Kiphard EJ. Korpcrkoordinationstest für kinder, KTK. Weinheim: Beltz Test Gmbli, 1974.         [ Links ]

22.Gorla J, Araújo P, Rodrigues J. Avaliação motora em educação física adaptada: teste KTK. 3th ed. São Paulo: Phorte; 2014; p. 139-68.         [ Links ]

23.Barbosa KBF, Franceschini SCC, Priore SE. Influence of the stages of sexual maturation in the nutritional status, anthropometrics and corporal composition of adolescents. Rev Bras Saúde Mater Infant. 2006;6(4):375-82. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-38292006000400003        [ Links ]

24.Cole TJ, Ahmed ML, Preece MA, Hindmarsh P, Dunger DB. The relationship between Insulin-like Growth Factor 1, sex steroids and timing of the pubertal growth spurt. Clin Endocrinol. 2015;82(6):862-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/cen.12682        [ Links ]

25.Surís J, Parrera N. Don't stop, don't stop: physical activity and adolescence. Int J Adolesc Med Health. 2005;17(1):67-80. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/IJAMH.2005.17.1.67        [ Links ]

26.Seabra AF, Mendonça DM, Thomis MA, Anjos LA, Maia JA. Determinantes biológicos e sócio-culturais associados à prática de atividade física de adolescentes. Cad Saúde Pública. 2008;24(4):721-36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2008000400002        [ Links ]

27.Betti M, Zuliani LR. Educação Física Escolar: uma proposta de diretrizes pedagógicas. Rev Mackenzie Educ Fís Esporte. 2002;1(1):73-81.         [ Links ]

28.Galvão Z. Educação física escolar: a prática do bom professor. Rev Mackenzie Educ Fís Esporte. 2002;1(1):65-72.         [ Links ]

29.Pereira ES, Moreira OC. Importância da aptidão física relacionada à saúde e aptidão motora em crianças e adolescentes. Rev Bras Prescr Fisiol Exerc. 2013;7(39):309-16.         [ Links ]

30.Lexell J, Sjostrom M, Nordlund AS, Taylor C. Growth and development of human muscle: a quantitative morphological study of whole vastus lateralis from childhood to adult age. Muscle Nerve. 1992;15(3):404-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/mus.880150323        [ Links ]

31.Kaczor J, Ziolkowski W, Popinigis J, Tarnopolsky, M. Anaerobic and aerobic enzyme activities in human skeletal muscle from children and adults. Pediatr Res. 2005;57(3):331-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1203/01.PDR.0000150799.77094.DE        [ Links ]

32.Pinto VC, Santos PG, Dantas MP, Araújo JP, Cabral AS, Cabral BG. Relationship between skeletal age, hormonal markers and physical capacity in adolescents. J Hum Growth Dev. 2017;27(1):77-83. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7322/jhgd.127658        [ Links ]

33.Pinto VC, Santos PG, Medeiros RC, Souza FE, Simões TB, Dantas RP, et al. Maturational stages: comparison of growth and physical capacity indicators in adolescents. J Hum Growth Dev. 2018;28(1):42-9. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7322/jhgd.127411        [ Links ]

34.Dantas MP, Silva LF, Gantois P, Silva LM, Dantas RN, Cabral BT. Relação entre maturação e força explosiva em remadores jovens. Motricidade. 2018;14(S1):4-11.         [ Links ]

35.Freitas DL, Lausen B, Maia JA, Lefevre J, Gouveia ER, Thomis M, et al. Skeletal maturation, fundamental motor skills and motor coordination in children 7-10 years. J Sports Sci. 2015;33(9):924-34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2014.977935        [ Links ]

36.Luz LG, Seabra A, Padez C, Duarte JP, Gonçalves RR, Santos JV, et al. Perímetro da cintura como mediador da influência da maturação biológica no desempenho de coordenação motora em crianças. Revista Paulista de Pediatria. 2016; 34 (3): 352-358. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rpped.2016.01.002        [ Links ]

37.Deus RKBC, Bustamante A, Lopes VP, Seabra AT, Silva RMG, Maia JAR. Modelação longitudinal dos níveis de coordenação motora de crianças dos seis aos 10 anos de idade da Região Autônoma dos Açores, Portugal. Rev Bras Educ Fis Esp. 2010;24(2):259-73. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1807-55092010000200009        [ Links ]

38.Collet C, Folle A, Pelozin F, Botti M, Nascimento JV. Motor coordination level of students from State Secretary from Florianópolis City. Motriz. 2008;14(4):373-80. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5016/2066        [ Links ]

39.O'Brien-Smith J, Tribolet R, Smith MR, Bennett KJM, Fransen J, Pion J, et al. The use of the Körperkoordinationstest für Kinder in the talent pathway in youth athletes: A systematic review. J Sci Med Sport. 2019;22(9):1021-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2019.05.014        [ Links ]

 

 

Correspondence:
ayrtonbruno12@hotmail.com

Manuscript received: September 2018
Manuscript accepted: August 2019
Version of record online: October 2019