Pesquisa sobre expertise: perspectivas e limitações¹

 

Research on expertise: perspectives and limitations

 

 

Afonso Galvão

Universidade Católica de Brasília

Endereço para correspondência

 

 

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RESUMO

Diferenças entre o conhecimento de experts e não expertise em qualquer domínio é algo que sempre desafiou tanto cientistas quanto público em geral. Pesquisas têm indicado que o desempenho superior do expert pode ser explicado a partir de algumas características básicas de seu comportamento. Por exemplo, experts demonstram melhor memória para material significante do que não-experts e representam problemas de modo mais elaborado, empregando diferentes estratégias para resolvê-los. Este trabalho apresenta dados de algumas pesquisas recentes na área de expertise que tratam sobre os aspectos comuns do ambiente no qual a expertise se desenvolve, o conceito e importância do estudo individual deliberado para o alcance da expertise e fatores motivacionais que sustentam o aprendizado de longa duração em áreas como música instrumental, física, tênis e literatura. São mencionadas três gerações de modelos que tentam explicar a expertise. A conclusão oferece uma pequena análise das implicações da pesquisa sobre expertise para estudos da criatividade e educação como um todo, bem como sobre suas limitações e perspectivas futuras.

Palavras-chave: expertise, estudo deliberado, aprendizagem, modelos cognitivos, talento.

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ABSTRACT

Differences between expert and non-expert knowledge in any domain has challenged both researchers and the general public. Research suggests that experts' superior performance capacity can be explained in terms"of some basic features of their behaviour. For example, experts show better memory than non experts for significant material and represent problems in a more elaborate manner, using different strategies to solve them. This paper reviews research in the area of expertise concerning the environment in which it develops, the concept and role of deliberate practice to achieve expertise, as well as the motivational factors that support long-term learning in areas such as instrumental music performance, tennis and literature. Three generations of models that try to explain expertise are mentioned. The conclusion offers a brief analysis on the implications of expertise research to domains such as creativity and education as a whole, and about its limits and future research perspectives.

Key words: expertise, deliberate practice, learning, cognitive models, talent.

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Endereço para correspondência:
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Recebido em: 29/11/2001
Aceito em: 25/04/2003

 

 

1. Trabalho apresentado no Simpósio Criatividade e Expertise: fatores facilitadores a seu desenvolvimento, XXXI Reunião Anual de Psicologia da Sociedade Brasileira de Psicologia, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, outubro de 2001