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Also relevant, in the characterization of captive environments, is the detection of potential sources of stress and aspects of management that reduce animal control over their immediate environment. Zoo enclosures establish an environment in which certain events are inevitable and the margin of control that animals have on this environment is reduced. One such condition is the absence of a refuge in the exhibition enclosure: causes the animals to be literally exposed, and offers no alternatives of escape (Shepherdson, Mellen & Hutchins, 1998). Imposing constant contact with humans can also be a factor affecting welfare. To what extent this contact can or should be modulated by the animals themselves is a relevant issue for research and management.