Social

Representações sociais da internet para idosos

Amanda Castro^I; Marieli Mezari Vitali^II; Andréa Barbará S Bousfield^II; Brigido Vizeu Camargo^II

^IProfessor in the Psychology Course. Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (UNESC) - Criciúma (SC) Brazil ]]> ^IILaboratory of Communication and Cognition Psychology, LACCOS. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC) - Florianópolis (SC) Brazi

Correspondence

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Increase in Internet access by elderly people is a consequence of population ageing, even though a long way still lies ahead for their digital inclusion
OBJECTIVE: To describe the social representations of Internet among the elderly and to compare objectification and anchoring processes of elderly people with different levels in Internet usage
METHODS: Qualitative and quantitative study, with descriptive and comparative design, involving forty participants. Data collection occurred through different tools as follows: 1) associative network, analyzed by EVOC2000 and calculation of polarity 2) semi-structured interview, analyzed by Descending Hierarchical Classification with IRaMuTeQ and content analysis by Atlas TI and 3) characterization questionnaire and evaluation scale for digital inclusion level, with descriptive statistical analysis by SPSS software
RESULTS: Associative network analyzed 78 words and their polarity was slightly positive. Descending Hierarchical Classification analyzed 89.51% of the corpus, divided into three segments: Internet danger, difficulties in usage v. Internet options and practices; content analysis divided 505 occurrences into three categories: image, attitude and information
CONCLUSION: Representations of elderly people with the highest use of Internet were undertaken by accessing hardware, apps and sites, anchored on an idea of the Internet as a means of retrieving information, leisure and interaction. Representations of the elderly with the lowest level of experience were undertaken by computer, based on a sociological perspective and marked by unfavorable attitudes

Authors summary

Why was this study done?

To analyze the Internet´s social representation of elderly people and to compare the anchoring process of social representations for the elderly with high, medium, low and no level of experience in the use of the Internet.

What did the researchers do and find?

Forty elderly people were divided into two groups, high and medium level in Internet usage and low level in Internet usage. Elderly people with high and medium level in Internet usage underscore sociability, communication and leisure factors, whilst elderly people with low internet usage underscore factors with low privacy, loss of time and Internet as a crime site. Internet objectification is underlined with access through computer and mobile phone in the two groups.

What do these findings mean?

The Internet is an important tool within the elderly autonomy. Inter- and trans-generation workshops should be discussed for the elderly´s digital inclusion since digital autonomy is currently equivalent to social belonging.

INTRODUCTION

Reported data have shown a continuous population ageing throughout the years due to several factors^1,2. It has been estimated that by 2060 the elderly population in Brasil will be one in every three, or rather, 33.7% of the population will be over 60 years old².

When ageing and elderly people are mentioned, most studies or even representatives of the population concerned deal with details on life degeneration associated with physiological changes³. However, the Second World Assembly on Ageing suggested active ageing, characterized by maintenance of the elderly´s functional capacity and autonomy. Precisely, Information and Communications Technology (ICT) is one of the alternatives to reach such aims⁴.

The period 2008 - 2013 reported an increase of 12.6%⁵ in the number of elderly people accessing internet. However, a long way still is ahead for greater digital inclusion and friendly access to ICT⁶. As a rule, young people learn using the computer at school, which did not occur with elderly people. This is more difficult for those whose professional occupation does not involve or has not involved the use of computers⁷.

Current literature on the use of the Internet by elderly people has revealed several findings. Ferreira & Alves⁸ analyzed the construction of social representations of elderly people by the internet and concluded that it may be understood as an access tool to data, and its use can trigger anxiety, confusion, sadness and happiness. Moreover et al.⁹ state the use of the Internet by elderly people is more associated with the possibility of approaching their children. On the other hand, study by Buse¹⁰ showed that elderly people associate the Internet to inactivity and laziness.

Neves & Pereira¹¹ state that the use of ICT by elderly people may bring them numberless advantages, comprising decrease in loneliness, increase in information, better quality of life and the manner they spend their free time. Further, the Internet may affect health conditions through information or new types of recreation¹². The use of the Internet, therefore, may influence an active and highly successful ageing.

Consequently, the manner that elderly people perceive the internet affects their perception of it. In other words, their representations on the theme are influenced by their experiences and affect their current use. Moreover, the internet´s social representations affect their social practices¹³. Representations have the social function of giving a meaning to the world surrounding us and guide our activities¹⁴.

Anchoring is a process that structures social representations. Through this process, an unknown thing may be incorporated to people´s cognitive system through the association of something known. The new and an already known category are compared¹⁵. In the case of the internet, the approach of the unknown takes into account previous experiences with technological equipments and complexity is attributed to these experiences within the construction of representations¹⁶.

It is thus highly relevant to investigate whether social representations of the internet for the elderly are associated to their experience with the internet. The manner elderly people relate themselves to the internet is of paramount importance within the current context of increasing digitalization¹⁷. Therefore, it is necessary to understand social representations of the Internet and their relationship with the elderly´s practices.

Hence, this study aims to describe the social representations of Internet among the elderly and to compare objectification and anchoring processes of elderly people with different levels in Internet usage.

METHODS

This is a qualitative, quantitative and descriptive study which analyzes facts and phenomena¹⁸. It has also a comparative design since it compares the anchoring process of social representations of the internet between elderly people with and without access to it to verify convergences and divergences¹⁸.

The study comprised 40 participants due to the data saturation criterion as from the twentieth interview, the information was repeated and no new datum is received¹⁹. The definition of age was according the Brazilian Elderly Statute that establishes the 60th year as the start of third age²⁰. Twenty participants had a high access (without any help) and medium access (with some help) level in the use of the internet, characterized by at least a weekly access during the last six months. The other twenty participants had low level usage, their access was nil during the last six months. Exclusion criterion included people with some cognitive impairment which may jeopardize the understanding of instructions during the interview.

Research sample was not probabilistic and intentional. Participants were accessed through snowball sampling which consists of the identification of one or more participants who complied with the inclusion criteria, and these indicated other participants and thus, successively, to reach the necessary number of participants²¹.

Data was collected by indirect observation, associative network, semi-structured interview and questionnaire on the participants´ personal data. The association network was the first technique to be employed since it analyzed the hidden and evaluation aspects of social representations while reducing the effects of social desirability through a projective nature²².

Then, a semi-structured interview was applied with its guidelines: a) what is your opinion about internet; b) what do you think of elderly people using the internet; c) what is your opinion on elderly people who do not use internet; d) what do you think that the internet user-friendly elderly people think about you who do not use internet, or e) what do you think of elderly people who do not use internet think about you who use it. Episodic techniques and classical non-directive intervention research techniques were employed to get more details about participants'ideas¹⁹.

An evaluation scale of digital inclusion level was produced and validated by Bolza et al.²³, coupled to a participant-features questionnaire on age, civil state, schooling level, profession, family earning and closed questions on level of information and digital appropriation.

The analysis of data retrieved from the questionnaire was performed by descriptive statistical analysis, or rather, a description of absolute and relative frequencies, dispersion measurements and central trend by Statistical Package for Social Sciences, 17.0. Data on Association Network were analyzed by EVOC 2000 which evaluated frequency and order of importance of words²⁵. Polarity of evaluated words was calculated as positive, negative and neutral by the participants. The latter is an important datum on the aspects of attitude dimension of representation²². The mentioned words were then grouped in categories according to bonding to identify the main words of each elderly group.

Semi-structured interviews were organized within a corpus submitted to simple Decreasing Hierarchical Classification (DHC) and Contrast Analysis by IRaMuTeQ. DHC disposes the corpus into classes of Text Segments (TS) with similar vocabulary and different from those of other classes. Further, Contrast Analysis classifies the words of the corpus according to their association with the descriptive variables selected by the researchers. In current study, the use or non-use of the Internet formed the variables²⁶. The same corpus underwent Content Analysis by Atlas.ti 6.2 to characterize and identify anchoring and objectification of representations. Following Bardin´s Content Analysis²⁷, the flow reading was undertaken for the organization of hypotheses, aims and indexes that base interpretation for further codifying data as from register units. Finally, categorization was executed according to the factors´ differences and convergences.

Current study complied with ethical rules in the Resolution of the Health National Council (CNS 510/16) for research in Human and Social Sciences, with a positive mark by the Committee for Ethics in research with Humans (CEPSH) of the Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (Protocol 1.688.433).

RESULTS

As discussed above, current study comprised 40 participants, average age 64 years (± 3.46 years), minimum and maximum age at 60 and 68 years respectively. Fourteen were males and 26 females. Access site for the 20 with high and medium Internet usage level comprises home (n=15), work (n=8) and course (n=3), either by computer (n=14) or mobile phone (n=20). Fifteen high and medium level users reported daily usage, whereas three reported three times a week and two an average of five times a week (± 2.14). Twelve participants said that they started usage at work; 8 through relatives and 3 participants reported they started in Computer Science Courses. Table 1 shows Internet practices.

Schooling of participants with high and medium Internet usage mainly means higher education (n=13), whereas others only frequented high school (n=7). Average family earnings of the group reached 7.29 Brazilian minimum wages. In the case of low or no Internet usage, basic (n=12) and high school education (n=8) were dominant. Average family earning for the group reached 2.27 Brazilian minimum wages (±1.08). Twenty-five of participants were employed, eleven were retired and four were housewives. Participants´ family structure is formed by partner and children (n=24).

Association network

Results for the Association Network on the term "Internet" comprised 200 callings, with 78 different words and five words for each participant at an average. Twenty-five out of the 78 different words were given by the high and medium Internet usage group, 13 by the low Internet usage group and the other 50 words by both groups.

Polarity calculation with variation between -1 and +1 provides attitude aspects of representation the Rosa^22, with slight positivity (M=0.23±0.14) for polarity of words evoked by the term 'Internet'. The above indicates the presence of positive attitudes within the composition of social representation of the Internet. Polarity degree between groups was different: the high and medium level had a greater positive polarity (M=0.23±0.14) when compared to the group with low or no experience on the Internet (M=0.02±0.41). Means demonstrate significant statistical differences [U=22; Z=-3.57; p< 0.001].

The prototypic analysis of words associated to the 'Internet' shows that minimum frequency of word occurrences for inclusion was 6 and the mean evocation order (MEO) was 3. In other words, recalled words were, at an average, at the third position. Mean frequency of evocation reached 8.15.

Factors with low MEO rates, or rather, recalled immediately and with greater frequency are shown on the left upper square of Table 2, characterizing factors with a greater probability of belonging to the representation's central nucleus²⁸. The right upper square of Table 2 shows high frequency factors, although evoked less immediately, and which compose the first periphery of representation. The left lower square comprises low frequency factors, albeit evoked faster, whilst the right lower square contains factors that were evoked less readily and with lower frequency, forming the second periphery of representation.

It may be perceived that the term 'research' obtained the greatest recall frequency, followed by 'computer', 'technology' and 'young people'. The factors of the left upper square organize the social representation of the Internet, with the materialization of the computer with the hardware´s fastness and innovation. Google and its possibility to obtain information are functionalities. The word 'friendship' appears as a consequence of Internet usage and results in bonds maintained or established by the network. Consequently, the Internet may be represented by the image of the computer, anchored on the idea of technology, characterized by fastness and innovation. Functionalities are represented by data retrieval and by maintaining or establishing more friendships, with the Google as a tool.

The first periphery, characterized by Youtube, WhatsApp and e-mail, denotes factors on the usability of the Internet, the main tools and functionalities associated to the object. These factors are evoked less immediately by participants. Certain functions comprised access to news, research and message exchange which are an example of representation-associated social practices. The term 'young people' is also underscored as associated to the Internet´s social representation. They are factors that integrate social practices and the relationship Me-Alter-Object of the representation. Alter is represented by the figure of the young person.

The factors of the left lower square denote complications in Internet usage, represented by the term 'danger'. In spite of its low frequency, it is immediately recalled by elderly people. In the case of usability, the terms 'video' and 'purchase' are associated. The right lower square has some factors that associate the Internet with something difficult and complicated which, in turn, lessens the perception of usability. The term 'family' refers not only to social support but also to contact established through the network.

Some periphery factors may become central, such as research and news, whilst others, such as technology, innovation, fastness and Google become peripheral. Consequently, the Internet´s social representation seems to be centered around positive or neutral factors, characterized by the image of the computer with the function of informing, represented by the words 'information', 'research' and 'news', and social functions associated with the term 'friendship'.

When the order of importance of the recalled factors are analyzed, changes in the organization of representation are identified where the idea of Internet is more centralized in the image of the computer, in friendship as a social function and in research and news associated to usage practices, mainly composed of positive factors.

In the case of bonding between words of the association network, factors that have bonds have been identified. Filter of at least two co-occurrences followed grouping and counting. Figure 1 provides the data.

Similar to the recalling analysis, bonding analysis demonstrated the computer as a central factor, with a great number of bonds. It establishes bonds with the words 'payment', 'information', 'research', 'technology', 'course', 'friendship', 'complicated' and 'uninteresting'. In other words, it is related to social and financial possibilities and its use is associated with the family and study courses. It is also described as complicated and uninteresting by some participants. On the other hand, the factor 'complicated' is linked to the terms 'difficult', 'crime' and 'danger', whereas 'uninteresting' is linked to 'gossip'. Therefore, the negative aspects of social representation of the Internet seem to be associated with complexity, possibility to commit crime, cybernetic dangers and gossip generated by sharing social information.

Moreover, technology as an Internet factor is associated to the fastness of information flow, constant innovation, usage associated with young people through videos, which, in their turn, are linked to Youtube. In the case of research, it is associated with Google, tablet and 3G, the latter is linked to mobile telephone as a material tool for information accessing. Access to information is associated to updating and news. The term 'payment' is associated with buying and possibility of online transactions. Social support by the Internet is associated to the term 'friendship' guaranteed by message exchange, e-mail and WhatsApp.

As a rule, the Internet is represented in the association network by the image of the computer and described through its functionalities, positively through possibilities of leisure, social bonds, financial transactions and obtaining information, albeit in a negative form due to threats to privacy, viability to virtual crimes and complexity.

Decreasing Hierarchical Classification

Analysis of the Decreasing Hierarchical Classification (DHC) of the semi-structured interview by IRaMuTeQ generated 2,508 text segments, with 2,245 for analysis (89.51%). Text Segments (TS) were integrated by 6,300 words that occurred 82,705 times, an average of 13,612 times per word. TS contextualizes typical vocabulary of each phrase which was taken into account in the quantitative analysis. Figure 2 illustrates the relationship between DHC classes.

One should note that the program divided the corpus into two sub-corpora, giving rise to Classes 1 and 3 and, separated from them, Class 2. The first class was separated and transformed into Class 3 and then into Class 1. Figure 2 has the name of each class, the amount of TS and their respective words with the greatest association according to the double lexographic criterion: to have a frequency which is higher than the average and according to association χ² ≥ 3.84.

The terms 'old', 'young' and 'time' pinpoint young people as the main public of the Internet, associated to vice due to their exaggerated usage. The term 'old' shows a self-identification which is a contrast to the Internet, something new and, therefore, difficult to 'learn' how to use it. Lack of family support underlies the term 'time', denoting the short period available for help. However, the term 'time' also refers to the past through the phrase 'in my time' and the time spent using the Internet.

Class 3, titled 'Difficulties in Use v. Option', characterized 29.15% of TS and mostly elderly people with low or no Internet usage level. It comprises factors that justify the reasons for not using the Internet due to internal and external causes. The factors 'difficulty', 'family' and 'use' demonstrate the difficulty in learning new technologies, a dichotomy by which one would like to participate in family discussions, but shuns exposing oneself.

This is also associated to 'interest' which indicates lack of interest as a motive for not using the web. The terms 'children' and 'grandchildren' are also used to justify lack of usage due to the absence of attention and sensitiveness of relatives using the network. Internet is underscored in this class by the word 'chat' which is an asset but makes difficult direct contact. The term 'elderly' in this class also denotes self-nomination and the moral judgment that makes one believe that one suffers due to relatives and other elderly people. Elderly people believe that other people think they are outdated and incapable due to lack of Internet usage.

Class 2, called 'practice on the Internet' corresponds to 33.51% of TS and mainly comprises married elderly people who live with their children and have high and medium usage level. Main factors are 'talk', 'news' and 'work', with contents related to Internet use, association practices and accessibility. Proportional interaction is a positive factor since it maintains or forms new bonds through the terms 'talk' and 'past'. Description of the Internet as 'fast' and 'easy' is associated with availability to information and contents.

The use of the Internet evidences 'research', access to 'information', access to 'banking', 'medical test results' and 'payments'. 'Mobile' and 'telephone' are quoted as accessibility tools, with usage in places beyond the 'work' site. The term 'work' also denotes digital inclusion and the term 'children' indicates the social support for the initial use of the medium, but also related to the lack of family support for other elderly people.

As a rule, one may perceive that social representations of the Internet for the elderly may be grouped according to the possibilities of use, association to dangers and management difficulties. Social support is thus an asset with regard to use and mediation of usage, whereas crimes and virtual dangers spread by television news, moral crimes and overexposures are unfavorable for use. The Internet materializes through the computer, mobile phones and telephones, and is associated to the maintenance of social bonds.

Contrast analysis

Analysis was undertaken within the corpus containing answers on social judgment with regard to the use of the Internet by the elderly. A question was asked to high and medium level elderly users: "What do you think that people over 60 years old and who do not access the Internet think about you who uses the Internet?" Another type of question was asked to low or no elderly users: "What do you think that people over 60 years old and who use the Internet think about you who doesn't use the Internet?" Corpus reached 1.811 TS and IRaMuTeQ was employed for contrast analysis to compare the data for the two groups. Analysis identified words associated with each group, frequency and χ².

One may perceive that in the case of elderly people with low or no experience with the Internet, the term 'old' (f=41) is underscored because shunning the Internet amounts to something new. The word 'outside' (f=28) underscores the fact that they are at the periphery of the Internet world and excluded from it. The term 'young' (f=32) indicates the group associated with technology. Further, it underscores a type of thinking young from which they consider themselves far off. 'Updating' (f=37) and 'acquiring' (f=26) are factors associated with the idea of elderly people with more experience in contrast to outdated elderly people, evidently from the point of view of exclusion. There is also the notion of the elderly with less experience in Internet usage as incapable of entering such a world.

Consequently, in the representation of the elderly with low or no digital experience is that they are at the periphery and excluded from social conviviality and linked to oldness. On the other hand, elderly people with high or medium digital inclusion level feel they are not criticized or, when criticized, they are criticized for their exaggerated, unnecessary and harmful use. For such a group, the Internet is thus linked to social belonging and updating and being far away from the real world. Vice and loss of time is a consequence.

The process of objectification and anchoring of social representation (SR) of the Internet

A thematic-category content analysis from sections of interviews dealing with image, attitude and information was performed by Atlas.ti so that the anchoring process and objectification of Internet social representations could be identified. Five hundred and five occurrences were identified and divided into 3 categories: image, attitude and information, and then divided into thematic factors.

The category image is integrated by the thematic factors 'computer' (52), 'mobile phone' (42), 'Google' (31), 'messaging app' (31), 'social network' (27), 'new/young' (15), 'window/door/lock' (15). The category 'attitude' comprises the thematic factors 'socialization space' (34), makes easy access to information (32), approximation of the family (29), accessibility to products and services (25), loss of time (24), dangerous environment (21) and loss of privacy (20). Further, the category 'information' deals with thematic factors sources of information (33), type of technology (32), form of communication (30) and type of leisure (12).

Regarding to the image of social representation, objectification seems to be associated to access hardware, with the mobile telephone as the concrete representative of this abstract social object, especially for the elderly with high and medium level usage (f=33). The naturalization of the Internet is perceived through social network and apps, and this is the figurative nucleus of the representation (f=39). In another context of the image, the representative of the social object is the young person as a contrast to the elderly, mentioned mainly by participants with low or no experience with the web (f=9). In their case, materialization occurs through the image of a lock or window that allows insiders to see those who are outside and vice-versa (f=12).

Regarding attitudes towards the Internet, high and medium digital elderly people demonstrated positive attitudes towards the web as a form of socialization (f=26), widening or extending bonds (f=23), access to useful information for real action and to satisfy one´s curiosity (f=20), access to products and services (f=19) and approximation towards the family (f=19). However, elderly people with low or no Internet usage demonstrated unfavorable attitudes which were based on fear with regard to invasion of privacy (f=28), loss of time (f=23) and cybernetic crimes (f=20).

The Internet was characterized as a way to retrieve cultural information or practical knowledge (f=19) and a sort of communication linked to the notion of telephoning (f=21), and a manner to obtain leisure through videos and audios (f=8) by high and medium Internet users. On the other hand, the low or no Internet users define the Internet as a type of technology (f=20) anchored to technological progress.

Consequently, high or medium Internet elderly people defend the Internet´s social representations, coupled to factors linked to sociability, access to information and services through the image of access hardware, such as mobile and computer and online platforms to socialize and access information. Consequently, representation is anchored on the notion of the internet as a means to obtain information, leisure and communication.

Low Internet elderly users are imbued with the Internet´s social representation as a loss of time, poor privacy and a site for crime. The objectification of representation occurs through primary access hardware or the computer. The image of the lock/door/window becomes associated to the representation as a metaphor that connotes invasion of privacy and space. The anchoring of representation is derived from technology and changes from the analogical to the digital system, based on previous experiences.

DISCUSSION

In current research, the Internet was represented by elderly people through the image of the computer, described by its functions. It seems to be centered on positive and neutral factors related to hardware as image, to information and the web´s social functions. Negative factors and tools that permit access to the Internet´s function may be found in the periphery. Consequently, accessibility and perceived utility become central in the elderly´s representation and demonstrates the relevance for the development of digital inclusion strategies that confirm perceived utility. In other words, that would investigate the elderly´s social representations to make feasible workshops that start from social thought to forward network tools.

The Internet materializes from such factors as computer, mobile telephone, telephone, and seems to be associated with the maintenance of bonds. Therefore, the bond is relevant for elderly people and should be taken into consideration during the digitalization process. It may be suggested that digitalization workshops should initially help in the management of communication tools online and within the social network. Or rather, the perceived usefulness should be taken into account.

One should take into account that current analysis investigates the social representations of the elderly for the progress of knowledge in the area. In spite of the digitalization context and the social relevance in a country with a fast ageing process of its population, social representations are only slightly exploited. This study is a starting point for new issues on social thought and the digital inclusion of the elderly. It actually discusses the intersection between social and digital belonging.

Although current study has reached its target, it still has its limitations. Pairing of the variables gender, schooling level and social and economic condition was not performed. They are significant data to understand digital inclusion and favorability with regard to the internet^29-31. Health status and dependence level were important intervening factors for the understanding of acceptance of technology, which have not been studied in current work^32,33. It should be underscored that the participants´ age bracket is a factor that should have been taken into account in a study on social representations since older people tend to reject technology^34,35. Variables mentioned above are an asset in the understanding of intra-group differences. Through them, one may verify the groups to which the elderly belong and which may contribute towards aspects of social representations of the Internet for elderly people. It may be thus suggested that further studies that control such variables and new methodological strategies, such as focal groups with the handling of web-accessible hardware, so that social representations are shared in a context of social practices, should be undertaken. The use of several research methods makes more feasible the relationship between the elderly and the Internet.

Socio-economic conditions and the use of the Internet by the elderly

During the characterization of the participants in current analysis, one could pinpoint that several high or medium Internet users started within the work environment. In their analysis, Barnard et al.¹⁷ underscored that representations and attitudes on technology are associated to 'good' and 'bad' experiences, especially within the work milieu.

Family mediation is an important factor for the preference of using the Internet, especially when associated to positive work experiences, both of which are important conditions for the perception of the elderly on themselves as capable people^16-17. Contrastingly, if the elderly´s social environment associates them with the stereotype of oldness as incapable of progressing in technology, this attitude affects the rejection of technology by the elderly^9,17. Consequently, elderly people take the social role offered to them when they reach this stage of life. The role is organized and maintained by social representations that affect the favorability towards the Internet³⁶.

It may be stated that the social environment is an important influencing factor for or against access. However, schooling and income are also associated conditions, or rather, the higher the family monthly income and schooling, the more probable elderly people maintain or broaden technological usage⁷. In the case of schooling, elderly people with higher education present a greater possibility of usage due to the need of preparing assignments during this period. Further, income makes easy the acquisition of access hardware²⁹.

Social representations of the Internet

Computers, research, friendship and news were the central factors of representation, whilst technology, innovation, fastness and Google were peripheral ones. Similar data have been found in the literature: the computer and mobile phone are frequently employed by the elderly to establish family communication and broaden or strengthen friendship^7,12,39,40, such as retrieving information for learning, updating and accessing social network and health contents⁷.

The computer was amply cited due to its popularity and its several usage possibilities. Since it was the first hardware with extensive access, it transformed communication dynamics, demanding changes in social practices. In other words, people had to adapt themselves to the types of communication and develop new capacities⁴¹.

The negative aspects of the Internet´s social representation comprise possible dangers, particularly those associated with cybernetic crimes. Fears of exposing oneself, compromising oneself professionally, people´s reaction and crimes are present even among young people that use the web. They are manifestations of life´s insecurity⁴². Consequently, representations are based on significant social context and acquire new symbolism following the digitalization process⁴³.

Web complexity is also a representation factor for the elderly and may be associated with their concern for the unknown. They anchor the new learning mode on previous experiences with other apparatuses^9,16,38. In fact, one of the most important factors in digital exclusion is their digital difficulty since acknowledging the utility of a new technology and previous experience are not a guarantee for usage. In fact, one has to take into consideration the complexity of their usage^17,44-46.

Elderly people with slight usage experience have the notion that the Internet is a thing for young people. This notion makes difficult acknowledging oneself as a web user. Further, the stereotype of the elderly with difficulty in learning new technologies contributes towards acting according to social expectations that reaffirm their devaluation^47-49. Consequently, the above internal and external factors contribute towards the acknowledgment of oneself, the object, and the representation of oneself, of the social group to which one belongs and also the object´s representation⁵⁰.

Participants presented the figurative nucleus of social representation of the Internet through access tools, such as computers/notebook/peripherals, mobile telephone and tablet. The figurative nucleus makes easier for the elderly to speak on the object. It is used to understand the groups associated to the object, the object itself and its relationships with its own group⁵¹, or rather, the materialization of the Internet through its tools, the elderly associate it with the group of young people. The use of the Internet is a rather complex thing and it needs previous experiences with other technological equipments in the case of the elderly group¹⁶.

The central nucleus of a representation is influenced by the object itself and by the relationship of the person with the object¹³. Current analysis reveals that the computer is a central nucleus factor, associated to its history. In fact, it was invented before the Internet and it is related to information exchange which, in its turn, is a function for current usage for the elderly⁵². The other contents are the peripheral representation factors, which are secondary. Innovation and functionality aspects, such as Google, WhatsApp, e-mail and messages, or rather, factors of social practice and relationship with the object, belong to the first periphery. Such experience occurs as from the interiorization of the other´s perspective on oneself who places oneself as the social object. In this context, the representations of the object, common to me and to the other, are established⁵³.

Representation´s second peripheral zone brings more specific factors⁵⁴ and presents factors related to difficulty and complexity of usage. They are negative factors that affect the elderly´s non-favorability with the Internet, probably related to the fear of making mistakes and to the notion of not belonging to the digital era⁹.

The terms 'family' and 'time' have different nuances within the different ways of analysis in current study. There is the lack of support of the family with regard to the use of the Internet because of lack of time to teach the elderly. Pires¹² found that the elderly are worried not only because they do not demand young people to teach them but also because they think that the Internet is a loss of time. The time issue is also relevant to denote something that does not belong to their past.

Consequently, the Internet´s social representations are identified due to the symbolic load and the social evidence of the object which is broadly shared between the groups³⁸. Contrast and content analyses allowed a widening of representation in spite of the fact that many contents are reaffirmed in the analyses. Several new factors, such as the Internet associated with inclusion or exclusion, also arise. Therefore, the Internet is a new type of community linked to information and communication and to belonging marked by web surfing. In other words, lack of knowledge and lack of spreading information is equivalent to not belonging⁵⁶.

The social judgment that low or no Internet elderly endure is associated to persons who do not belong to this context, or rather, they do not maintain communications and information with the same speed as the Internet´s. However, the self-representation attributed to the other may produce aspects of one´s representation⁵⁷, or rather, a metaphor occurs by which something is attributed to the other which gives meaning to the elderly but it is not perceived as coming from oneself⁵³.

On the other hand, some elderly people with high and medium Internet levels relate social judgment to their own image as fools, pretending to be young and with a lot of free time, whereas others think that no judgment is emitted since the Internet, as free, is accessible to all who want to learn. Therefore, digital inclusion is a choice, justifying the digital exclusion of others⁵⁸. The Internet is perceived as maintaining oneself young and accessible to all, which brings tension among groups. The above are representations that manifest themselves within the relationship between subjects and which organize the relationship of people and their respective social worlds³⁶.

Anchoring and objectification of representations

Anchoring and objectification processes comprise the genesis of representation which occurs through the simplification of the object according to its most relevant aspects for the belonging group (objectification). Followed by the assimilation of the objectified content within a network of preexisting meanings for the group (anchoring)³⁷.

Representation passes to an image which guarantees the applicability of knowledge through the inclusion of practical aspects⁵³. In the case of high and medium Internet elderly users of mobile telephones, the social networks and apps are the concrete aspects representative of the Internet, whereas in the case of the elderly with low or no Internet usage, the image is associated to young people as a contrast to the figure of the elderly, coupled to the image of the lock/window. In the case of the first group, these access hardware make elderly people transform ideas into reality which may be experimented and confirmed by the senses^15,59. The contrast between the new versus the old seems associated with the dichotomy between activity and inactivity⁶⁰ and the image of the lock/window/door is a metaphor on privacy and the need to maintain the relationship with the other, with the necessary distance that provides a limit to the other^61,62.

Metaphors are relevant to understand a representation. As a rule, they are tridimensional: dominion of origin, dominion of target and the relationship between the target and origin dominion, or rather, the concrete content and its relationship through experience, one´s own or a third party´s, shared, with the social object. The metaphor transforms an experience towards an explanation level and forms a concept⁶³.

One may thus perceive the contrast with regard to the objectification between social groups and not between the group and the individual⁶⁴. Divergences between groups also arise with regard to attitudes which are the predispositions to answer favorably or unfavorably to an object, person, occurrence or institution⁶⁵. Elderly people with high usage levels have positive attitudes towards the Internet, especially because of interaction, information and consumption aspects. Similar data have been reported by Contarello & Sarrica³⁸ in their study with 100 Italian university students on social representations and attitude vis-à-vis the Internet, and by Targino⁶⁶ on the social representations of the elderly in the virtual environment. The group of elderly people with the lowest level of Internet experience had an unfavorable attitude towards the Internet, especially due to the notion of loss of time and virtual crimes. These factors were corroborated by research work on the use of information and communication technologies by Contarello & Sarrica³⁸ and by Santos & Almêda⁶⁷ with elderly people in the state of Rio Grande do Norte.

FINAL CONSIDERATION

The manner the elderly analyze the Internet is influenced by, and concomitantly, may influence, their experience in their use of the system⁶⁸. This is highly important for the elaboration of potential new services, not merely to find better ways to introduce technologies for the elderly but also to improve the design of digital products for easy use and learning. This may imply the introduction of ICT for a greater number of users¹⁷.

The Internet was represented through the image of the computer and its functions. It seems to be centered in positive and neutral factors related to the hardware as image (computer); to information functions characterized by the terms 'information', 'research' and 'news'; to the web´s social functions, illustrated by the term 'friendship'. Negative elements may be found at the periphery, such as 'crime', 'danger' and 'complicated', coupled to tools that allow access to the functions of the Internet.

The objectification of high experience elderly people occurs through access hardware and tools which lead towards information and communication access. In the case of low experience elderly people, the invasion of privacy sustains the image context. Anchoring of high experience elderly people occurs through knowledge derived from perceived and confirmed usage, whereas low experience elderly people derive their anchoring from experience during the transition from the analogical to the digital period. For a better understanding of the digital inclusion/exclusion process, confirmed usages, perceived threats and initial experiences with Technologies should be taken into account.

Access mode and perceived usage emerge as central in the representation of elderly people, denoting the relevance for the development of strategies of digital inclusion that would confirm perceived usage. In other words, the social representations of the elderly should be investigated to make feasible workshops that derive from social thought to present web tools and functions.

REFERENCES

1.Global AgeWatch Index 2015. Global AgeWatch Index 2014: Insight report, summary and methodology [internet] 2015. [Cited 2016 Apr 05] Available from: https://www.helpage.org/global-agewatch/reports/global-agewatch-index-2014-insight-report-summary-and-methodology/        [ Links ]

2.Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Síntese de indicadores sociais: Uma análise das condições de vida [internet] 2015. [Cited 2015 Apr 05]. Available from: https://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/visualizacao/livros/liv95011.pdf.         [ Links ]

3.Anjos TP, Gontijo A. Descomplicando o uso do telefone celular pelo idoso: desenvolvimento de interface de celular com base nos princípios de usabilidade e acessibilidade. Dissertação (Mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Florianópolis: 2012.         [ Links ]

4.Fernández AF. II Asamblea Mundial sobre el Envejecimiento. Rev Esp Geriatr Gerontol. 2002;37(S2):1-2.         [ Links ]

5.Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Síntese de indicadores sociais: Uma análise das condições de vida [internet] 2013. [Cited 2015 Jun 12]. Available from: ftp://ftp.ibge.gov.br/Indicadores_Sociais/Sintese_de_Indicadores_Sociais_2012/SIS_2013.pdf        [ Links ]

6.Petrella S, Pinto M, Pereira S. O idoso e a educação para os media: novos desafios entre envelhecimento e exclusão social. 8º SOPCOM Comunicação Global, Cultura e Tecnologia 2016 [internet]. 2013. [Cited 2015 Jun 12]. Available from: https://repositorium.sdum.uminho.pt/bitstream/1822/29756/1/SP_MP_SP_Idoso_Educacao_media.pdf.         [ Links ]

7.Krug RR, Xavier AJ, d'Orsi E. Factores associated with maintenance of the use of internet: EpiFloripa Idodo longitudinal study. Rev Saúde Pública. 2018; 52:37. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11606/s1518-8787.2018052000216        [ Links ]

8.Ferreira MAS, Alves VP. Representação social do idoso do Distrito Federal e sua inserção social no mundo contemporâneo a partir da Internet. Rev Bras Geriatr Gerontol. 2011;14(4):699-712. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1809-98232011000400009        [ Links ]

9.Foletto R, Fiepke RB, Wilhelm E. Usos da internet como meio de comunicação e fonte de informação por idosos. Contemporânea Rev Comunic Cult. 2018;16(2):504-18. DOI: DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.9771/1809-9386contemporanea.v16i2.21504        [ Links ]

10. Buse CE. E-scaping the ageing body? Computer technologies and embodiment in later life. Age Soc. 2010;30(06):987-1009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X10000164        [ Links ]

11.Pereira C, Neves R. Os idosos e as TIC-competências de comunicação e qualidade de vida. Rev Kairós Gerontol. 2011;14(1):5-26.         [ Links ]

12.Pires LLA. Envelhecimento, tecnologias e juventude: caminhos percorridos por alunos de cursos de informática e seus avós. Estudos Interdiscipl Envelhecimento. 2013;8(2):293-309.         [ Links ]

13.Abric W. O estudo experimental das representações sociais. In: Jodelet D. As representações sociais. Rio de Janeiro: EDUERJ, 2001; p. 123-56.         [ Links ]

14.Jodelet D. Representações sociais: um domínio em expansão. In: Jodelet D. As representações sociais. Rio de Janeiro: EDUERJ, 2001; p. 17-41.         [ Links ]

15.Moscovici S. A psicanálise, sua imagem e seu público. Petrópolis: Vozes, 2012.         [ Links ]

16.Frias MAE, Peres HHC, Pereira VAG, Negreiros MC, Paranhos WY, Leite MMJ. Idosos em situação de rua ou vulnerabilidade social: facilidades e dificuldades no uso de ferramentas computacionais. Rev Bras Enferm. 2014;67(5):788-72. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167.2014670514        [ Links ]

17.Barnard Y, Bradley MD, Hodgson F, Lloyd AD. Learning to use new Technologies by older adults: perceived difficulties, experimentation behaviour and usubility. Comp Human Behavior. 2013;29(4):1715-24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.02.006        [ Links ]

18.Marconi MA, Lakatos EM. Fundamentos de metodologia científica. São Paulo: Atlas, 2003.         [ Links ]

19.Ghiglione R, Maralon B. O inquérito: teoria e prática. Oeiras: Celta, 1997.         [ Links ]

20.Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. O Estatuto do idoso. 2nd ed. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde [internet] 2006. [Cited 2016 Mar 07]. Available from: http://portal.saude.gov.br/portal/arquivos/pdf/estatuto_idoso.pdf.         [ Links ]

21.Becker HS. Métodos de pesquisa em ciências sociais. São Paulo: Hucitec, 1993.         [ Links ]

22.Rosa A. A rede associativa: uma técnica para captar a estrutura, os conteúdos e os índices de polaridade, neutralidade e estereotipia dos campos semânticos relacionados com as representações sociais. In: Moreira ASP, Camargo BV, Jesuíno JC, Nóbrega SM. Perspectivas teórico-metodológicas em representações sociais. João Pessoa: Universitária UFPB, 2005.         [ Links ]

23.Bolza LM, Vieira KM, Coronel DA, Löbler ML. Validação de um instrumento capaz de identificar o nível de inclusão digital individual. Inf Soc Est. 2013;23(2):75-88.         [ Links ]

24.Barbetta PA. Estatística aplicada às ciências sociais. Florianópolis: UFSC, 2004.         [ Links ]

25.Scano S, Junique C, Vergès P. Ensemble de programmes permettant l'analyse des évocations, EVOC2000: Manuel d'utilsateur, 2002.         [ Links ]

26.Camargo BV, Justo AM. IRAMUTEQ: um software gratuito para análise de dados textuais. Temas Psicol. 2013;21(2):513-18. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.9788/TP2013.2-16        [ Links ]

27.Bardin L. Análise de conteúdo. Lisboa: Edições 70; 2009.         [ Links ]

28. Sá CP. Núcleo Central das representações sociais. Petrópolis: Vozes, 1996.         [ Links ]

29.Choi NG, DiNitto DM. The digital divide among low-income homebound older adults: internet use patterns, eHealth literacy, and atitudes toward computer/Internet use. J Med Internet Res. 2013;15(5):e93. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2645        [ Links ]

30.Ma Q, Chan AHS, Chen K. Personal and other factors affecting acceptance of smartphone technology by older chinese adults. Ergonomia Appl Ergon. 2016;54:62-71. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2015.11.015        [ Links ]

31.Vošner HB, Bobek S, Kokol P, Krečič MJ. Attitudes of active older Internet users towards online social networking. Comp Hum Behavior. 2016;55:230-241. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.09.014        [ Links ]

32.Medeiros FL, Xavier AJ, Schneider IJC, Ramos LR, Sigulem D, d'OrsiI E. Inclusão digital e capacidade funcional de idosos residentes em Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brasil (EpiFloripa 2009-2010). Rev Bras Epidemiol. 2012;15(1):106-22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-790X2012000100010        [ Links ]

33.Scoralick-Lempke NN, Barbosa AJG, Mota MMPE. Effects of digital literacy process in elderly cognition. Psicol Reflex Crít. 2012;25(4):774-82. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-7972201200040001        [ Links ]

34.van Deursen AJAM, Helsper EJ. A nuanced understanding of Internet use and non-use among the elderly. Eur J Communication. 2015;30(2):171-87. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323115578059        [ Links ]

35.Aldé A. O internauta casual: notas sobre a circulação da opinião política na internet. Rev USP. 2011;(90):24-41. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9036.v0i90p24-41        [ Links ]

36.Valsiner J. Hierarquia de signos: representação social no seu contexto dinâmico. In: Jesuíno JC, Mendes FRP, Lopes MJ. As representações sociais nas sociedades em mudança. Petrópolis: Vozes, 2015; p. 19-58.         [ Links ]

37.Chamon EMQO. A educação do campo: contribuições da teoria das representações sociais. In: Chamon EMQO, Guareschi PA, Campos PHF. Textos e debates em representação social. Porto Alegre: ABRAPSO, 2014; p. 107-33.         [ Links ]

38.Contarello A, Sarrica M. Tecnologias de conhecimento e informação, pensamentos social e bem-estar subjetivo. A internet e a sua representação na vida cotidiana. In: Nascimento-Schulze MC, Jesuíno JC. Representações sociais ciência e tecnologia. Lisboa: Instituto Piaget, 2008; p. 105-23.         [ Links ]

39.Carleto DGS, Santana CS. Relações intergeracionais de idosos mediadas pelas tecnologias de informação e comunicação. Dissertação (Mestrado) - Universidade de São Paulo. São Carlos; 2013.         [ Links ]

40.Nãsi M, Räsãnen P, Sarpila O. ICT activity in later life: Internet use and leisure activities amongst sênior citizens in Finland. Eur J Ageing. 2012;9(2):169-76. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-011-0210-8        [ Links ]

41.Rosa AS. Um, nenhum, cem mil... jogos com nomes de batismo: um estudo sobre nicknames em duas saladas de bate-papos italianas. In: Nascimento-Schulze CM, Jesuíno JC. Representações Sociais ciência e tecnologia. Lisboa: Instituto Piaget, 2008; p. 125-50.         [ Links ]

42.Rosa GAM, Santos BR. Facebook: negociação de identidades e o medo da violência. Arq Bras Psicol. 2014;66(1):18-32.         [ Links ]

43.Jodelet D. Loucuras e representações sociais. Petrópolis: Vozes, 2005.         [ Links ]

44.Barroso CMRSR, Teixeira MR. Perfil, comportamentos, usos, atitudes e escolhas de consumo e bem-estar na população sénior portuguesa. Dissertação (Mestrado) - Instituto Universitário de Lisboa. Lisboa: 2014.         [ Links ]

45.Silva PM, Dias GA, Júnior MRS. A importância da cultura na adoção tecnológica: o caso do Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). Rev Eletrôn Bibliotecon Ciênc infor. 2008;13(26):94-100. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5007/1518-2924.2008v13n26p94        [ Links ]

46.Chou WH, Lai YT, Liu KH. User requirements of social media for the elderly: a case study in Taiwan. J Behav Informat Technol. 2013;32(9):920-37. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2012.681068        [ Links ]

47.Cutler SJ. Technological Change and Aging. In: Binstock R, George K. Handbook of aging and the social sciences. Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press, 2006; p. 257-76.         [ Links ]

48.Santos LBD, Alegre AM, Freire E. Da inclusão digital à social: um estudo a partir da experiência com idosos e adultos na FATEC Jundiaí. Faschi-Tech. 2009;1(1):114-25.         [ Links ]

49.Roberto MS, Fidalgo A, Buckingham D. De que falamos quando falamos de infoexclusão e literacia digital? Perspectivas dos nativos digitais. OBS. 2015;9(1):43-54.         [ Links ]

50.Alaya DB. Fundamentos de uma representação social em construção: a revolução tunisiana. In: Jesuíno FRP, Lopes MJ. As representações sociais na sociedade em mudança. Petrópolis: Vozes, 2015; p. 131-152.         [ Links ]

51.Moscovici S. On social representations. In: Forgas JP. Social Cognition: Perspectives on Everyday understanding. London: Academic Press, 1981.         [ Links ]

52.Russell AL, Schafer V. In the shadow of ARPANET and Internet: Louis Pouzin and the Cyclades Network in the 1970s. Technol Culture. 2014;55(4):880-907.         [ Links ]

53.Jodelet D. Representações sociais e mundos de vida. São Paulo: Fundação Carlos Chagas, 2017.         [ Links ]

54.Wachelke J, Wolter R. Critérios de construção e relato da análise prototípica para representações sociais. Psicol Teor Pesq. 2011;27(4):521-26. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-37722011000400017        [ Links ]

55.Rodrigues ACM, Lima GC, Coelho LO, Silva LO, Oliveira AS, Torres TG, et al. A internet como fonte de informação em saúde de pacientes. Revi Educ Saúde. 2017;5(suppl1):4.         [ Links ]

56.Sbardelotto M. Interações em rituais online católicos: uma análise da prática religiosa em tempos de internet. In: Ribeiro JC, Falcão T, Silva T. Mídias Sociais, Saberes e Representações. Salvador: EDUFBA, 2012; p. 131-48.         [ Links ]

57.Gillespie A. Social representarions, alternative representarions and semantic barriers. J Theory Social Behav. 2008;38(4):375-91. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5914.2008.00376.x        [ Links ]

58.Palmonari A, Zani B. As representações sociais no campo dos psicólogos. In: Jodelet D. Representações sociais. Rio de Janeiro: EDUERJ, 2001.         [ Links ]

59.Doise W. Debating social representarions. In: Breakwell GM, Canter GV. Empirical Approaches to Social Representations. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993.         [ Links ]

60.Magnabosco-Martins CR, Vizeu-Camargo B, Biasus F. Representações Sociais do idoso e da velhice de diferentes faixas etárias. Univer Psychol. 2009;8(3):831-47.         [ Links ]

61.Altman I. Environmente and social behavior: personal space, privacy, crowding and territory. Monterey: Brooks Cole, 1975.         [ Links ]

62.Antunes D, Bernardo F, Palma-Oliveira JM. Psicologia do Ambiente. In: Lopes MP, Palma PJ, Bártolo-Ribeiro R, Cunha MP. Psicologia Aplicada. Lisboa: Editora RH, 2011; p. 189-210.         [ Links ]

63.Wagner W. Elejabarrieta F, Lahnsteiner I. How the sperm dominates the ovum: objetification by metaphor in the social representation of conception. Eur J Social Psychol. 1995;25(6):671-88. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2420250606        [ Links ]

64.Moscovici S. Noter towards a description of social representations. Eur J Social Psychol. 1988;18(3):211-50. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2420180303        [ Links ]

65.Ajzen I. Attitudes, personality and behavior. Dorsey Press, 1988.         [ Links ]

66.Targino RB, Targino RRB. Representações sociais virtual do idoso: A velhice é o ocaso da vida é uma... Rev Acad Feminina Letras Artes Paraíba . 2012;1:9.         [ Links ]

67.Santos RF, Almêda KA. O envelhecimento humano e a inclusão digital: análise do uso de ferramentas tecnológicas pelos idosos. Ciênc Inform Rev. 2017;4(2):59-68.         [ Links ]

68.Renaud K, van Biljon J. Predicting technology acceptance and adoption by the elderly: a qualitative study. SAICSIT '08: Proceedings of the 2008 annual research conference of the South African Institute of Computer Scientists and Information Technologists on IT research in developing countries: riding the wave of technology. 2008; p. 210-19.         [ Links ]

Correspondence:
amandacastrops@gmail.com

Manuscript received: September 2019
Manuscript accepted: January 2020
Version of record online: May 2020